In Trojan terminology, what is a covert channel?

A Security Engineer at a medium-sized accounting firm has been tasked with discovering how much information can be obtained from the firm's public facing web servers. The engineer decides to start by using netcat to port 80. The engineer receives this output:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Microsoft-IIS/6 Expires: Tue, 17 Jan 2011 01:41:33 GMT DatE. Mon, 16 Jan 2011 01:41:33 GMT Content-TypE. text/html Accept-Ranges: bytes Last-ModifieD. Wed, 28 Dec 2010 15:32:21 GMT ETaG. "b0aac0542e25c31:89d" Content-Length: 7369
Which of the following is an example of what the engineer performed?
A. Cross-site scriptingA penetration tester is attempting to scan an internal corporate network from the internet without alerting the border sensor. Which is the most efficient technique should the tester consider using?
A. Spoofing an IP addressDuring a penetration test, the tester conducts an ACK scan using NMAP against the external interface of the DMZ firewall. NMAP reports that port 80 is unfiltered. Based on this response, which type of packet inspection is the firewall conducting?
A. HostA security engineer is attempting to map a company's internal network. The engineer enters in the following NMAP commanD.
NMAP n sS P0 p 80 ***.***.**.**
What type of scan is this?
A. Quick scan
An attacker finds a web page for a target organization that supplies contact information for the company. Using available details to make the message seem authentic, the attacker drafts e-mail to an employee on the contact page that
appears to come from an individual who might reasonably request confidential information, such as a network administrator.
The email asks the employee to log into a bogus page that requests the employee's user name and password or click on a link that will download spyware or other malicious programming.
Google's Gmail was hacked using this technique and attackers stole source code and sensitive data from Google servers. This is highly sophisticated attack using zero-day exploit vectors, social engineering and malware websites that
focused on targeted individuals working for the company.
What is this deadly attack called?
A. Spear phishing attackA hacker was able to sniff packets on a company's wireless network. The following information was discovereD.
The Key 10110010 01001011 The Cyphertext 01100101 01011010 Using the Exlcusive OR, what was the original message?
A. 00101000 11101110Which of the following is a primary service of the U.S. Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)?
A. CSIRT provides an incident response service to enable a reliable and trusted single point of contact for reporting computer security incidents worldwide.Bank of Timbuktu is a medium-sized, regional financial institution in Timbuktu. The bank has deployed a new Internet-accessible Web application recently. Customers can access their account balances, transfer money between accounts, pay bills and conduct online financial business using a Web browser.
John Stevens is in charge of information security at Bank of Timbuktu. After one month in production, several customers have complained about the Internet enabled banking application. Strangely, the account balances of many of the bank's customers had been changed! However, money hasn't been removed from the bank; instead, money was transferred between accounts. Given this attack profile, John Stevens reviewed the Web application's logs and found the following entries:

What kind of attack did the Hacker attempt to carry out at the bank?
A. Brute force attack in which the Hacker attempted guessing login ID and password from password cracking tools.You generate MD5 128-bit hash on all files and folders on your computer to keep a baseline check for security reasons?

What is the length of the MD5 hash?
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