Test Prep Test Prep Certifications NCE Questions & Answers

• Question 91:

  The correct order of Piaget's 4 stages is:

  A. formal operational, preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational

  B. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor

  C. concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational

  D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

  Correct Answer: D

  Piaget was a developmental theorist who believed all people went through the same four stages. The main goals of each stage follow: sensorimotor object permanence; preoperational symbolic thought; concrete operational operational thought; and formal operational abstract concepts.

• Question 92:

  What is one of the most important hallmarks of the Formal Operations stage of cognitive development?

  A. The ability to make rational judgments without concrete objects

  B. The ability to reason deductively

  C. The ability to plan for the future

  D. All of the above

  Correct Answer: D

  The Formal Operational stage is the last of Piaget's stages, beginning in early adolescence and lasting until adulthood, and is characterized by abstract concepts.

• Question 93:

  Despite its age, Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is still in widespread use. Which of the following is the final level in the theory?

  A. Personhood

  B. Principled thought

  C. Self-actualization

  D. None of the above

  Correct Answer: B

  Principled thought comes after moving through the 6th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Self-actualization is the highest level of development one can reach according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

• Question 94:

  Kohlberg's theory of moral development has three progressive levels ending in:

  A. personhood

  B. sexual ambiguity

  C. principled thought

  D. self-realization

  Correct Answer: C

  In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached.

• Question 95:

  When present in females, the Oedipus Complex is referred to as the:

  A. Electra Complex

  B. Feelings of Reciprocity

  C. Electric Complex

  D. Oedipa Complex

  Correct Answer: A

  Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother.

• Question 96:

  Which theorist believed in the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

  A. Piaget

  B. Kohlberg

  C. Vygotsky

  D. Erickson

  Correct Answer: C

  Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development.

• Question 97:

  A college student viewing a situation as good or bad or right or wrong is using: A. Dualistic Thinking

  B. Pessimism

  C. Relativistic Thinking

  D. Erroneous Thinking

  Correct Answer: A

  Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual.

• Question 98:

  Which of the following is not a factor in the sleep patterns of adolescents?

  A. Biorhythm changes

  B. Defiance

  C. Increased need for sleep

  D. Increased academic and social demands

  Correct Answer: B

  Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep.

• Question 99:

  How many stages are there of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg?

  A. Two

  B. Six

  C. Eight, paralleling Erikson's stages of psycho-social development

  D. None; Kohlberg's theory is on self-actualization

  Correct Answer: B

  Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles.

• Question 100:

  According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will think which of the following is worse?

  A. Someone who was trying to help his mother set the table and broke five dishes.

  B. Someone who was stealing a cookie from the cookie jar when he wasn't allowed, and knocked over a cup that broke.

  C. Someone who did not control the dog who jumped up on the table and pulled down a glass full of water, which broke.

  D. Someone who accidentally dropped a dinner knife which could have hurt someone if they would have stepped on it.

  Correct Answer: A

  Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes.