ISTQB ISTQB-CTFL Online Practice Questions and Exam Preparation

ISTQB ISTQB-CTFL Online Questions & Answers

• Question 121:

  The fact that defects are usually not evenly distributed among the various modules that make up a software application, but rather their distribution tend to reflect the Pareto principle:

  A. is a false myth
  B. is expressed by the testing principle referred to as Tests wear out'
  C. is expressed by the testing principle referred to as 'Defects cluster together'
  D. is expressed by the testing principle referred to as 'Bug prediction'
  C. is expressed by the testing principle referred to as 'Defects cluster together'

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  Explanation

  The fact that defects are usually not evenly distributed among the various modules that make up a software application, but rather their distribution tend to reflect the Pareto principle, is expressed by the testing principle referred to as `Defects

  cluster together'. This principle states that a small number of modules contain most of the defects detected, or that a small number of causes are responsible for most of the defects. This principle can be used to guide the test analysis and

  design activities, by prioritizing the testing of the most critical or risky modules, or by applying more rigorous test techniques to them. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

  ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.01, Section 1.2.1, page 11; ISTQB Glossary v4.02, page 16.

• Question 122:

  Which of the following statements is TRUE'?

  A. Unlike functional testing, non-fundional testing can only be applied to conventional systems, not artificial intelligence-based system.
  B. Functional testing focuses on what the system is supposed to do, while white-box testing focuses on how well the system does what it is supposed to do
  C. Functional testing can be applied to all test levels, while non-functional testing can be applied only to system and acceptance test levels.
  D. Black-box test techniques and experience-based test techniques may be applicable to both functional testing and non-functional testing
  D. Black-box test techniques and experience-based test techniques may be applicable to both functional testing and non-functional testing

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  Explanation

  Statement D is correct. According to the ISTQB CTFL syllabus, both black-box test techniques (which focus on testing without internal knowledge of the application) and experience-based test techniques (which rely on testers' experience and intuition) can be applied to both functional and non-functional testing. Functional testing is concerned with what the system does, whereas non-functional testing looks at how the system performs under certain conditions. These techniques are versatile and can be employed to address both these aspects.

• Question 123:

  Which of the following statements is true?

  Select exactly one option (1 out of 4)!

  A. Errors are the inevitable result of software failure.
  B. Defects in the program code may be caused by environmental conditions.
  C. Defects in the program code may result in failures in the program during execution.
  D. Any deviation of the actual from the expected result represents an error.
  C. Defects in the program code may result in failures in the program during execution.

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  Explanation

• Question 124:

  Which of the following is a task the Author is responsible for, as part of a typical formal review?

  A. Determining the people who will be involved in the review
  B. Recording the anomalies found during the review meeting
  C. Identifying potential anomalies in the work product under review
  D. Fixing the anomalies found in the work product under review
  C. Identifying potential anomalies in the work product under review

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  Explanation

  This answer is correct because identifying potential anomalies in the work product under review is one of the tasks the Author is responsible for, as part of a typical formal review. The Author is the person who creates the work product to be reviewed, such as a requirement specification, a design document, or a test case. The Author's tasks include preparing the work product for the review, identifying potential anomalies in the work product, and fixing the anomalies found in the work product after the review.

  References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 2.4.2.1

• Question 125:

  Why it is essential that defects found in a review be reported objectively?

  A. In order to facilitate easy entry of detected defects in a OTS (Defect Tracking System)
  B. In order to allow the author of reviewed work product(S) to take the feedback positively as an effort at improving the product (S) and not as a personal assault
  C. In order to allow the review moderator to easily understand them, and assign them to the right developer for fixing
  D. In order to allow augmentation of existing checklists used for reviewing the work product (S)
  B. In order to allow the author of reviewed work product(S) to take the feedback positively as an effort at improving the product (S) and not as a personal assault

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  Explanation

  The purpose of a review is to find defects and improve the quality of the work product, not to criticize or blame the author. Reporting defects objectively means describing them factually and constructively, without using negative or emotional language that could offend the author or damage their motivation. This way, the author can take the feedback positively as an effort at improving the product and not as a personal assault. Verified

  References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 138.

• Question 126:

  When should component integration tests be carried out?

  A. Integration tests should always be done after system tests
  B. Integration tests should be done at the customer's site, after acceptance tests
  C. Integration tests can be done before or after system tests
  D. Integration tests should always be done before system tests
  D. Integration tests should always be done before system tests

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  Explanation

  Component integration tests are designed to verify the interactions and interfaces between integrated components. These tests should be carried out after component testing (where individual components are tested in isolation) but before system testing (where the entire system is tested as a whole). This ensures that any issues arising from the integration of components are identified and resolved early in the testing process, making option D the correct answer.

• Question 127:

  Which of the following statements describes regression testing?

  I: Retesting of a fixed defect

  II: Testing of an already tested program

  III: Testing of new functionality in a program

  IV: Regression testing applies only to functional testing

  V:

  Tests that do not nave to be repeatable, because They are only used once

  A. II, IV, V
  B. I, III, IV
  C. II
  D. I, IV
  C. II

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  Explanation

  Regression testing is the re-running of functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change1 It does not involve retesting of a fixed defect, testing of new functionality, or applying only to functional testing. Tests that are used for regression testing should be repeatable, because they are used to verify the stability of the software after each change.

  References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Syllabus, Chapter 4, Section 4.2.2, Page 291; ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Page 292

• Question 128:

  A calculator software is used to calculate the result for 5+6. The user noticed that the result given is 6. This is an example of;

  A. Mistake
  B. Fault
  C. Error
  D. Failure
  D. Failure

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  Explanation

  According to the ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, page 18, a failure is "an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits". In this case, the calculator software does not

  perform the required function of calculating the correct result for 5+6 within the specified limits of accuracy and precision. Therefore, this is an example of a failure.

  The other options are incorrect because:

  A mistake is "a human action that produces an incorrect result" (page 25). A mistake is not an event, but an action, and it may or may not lead to a failure. For example, a mistake could be a typo in the code, a wrong assumption in the design,

  or a misunderstanding of the requirement.

  A fault is "a defect in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function" (page 16). A fault is not an event, but a defect, and it may or may not cause a failure. For example, a fault could be a

  logical error in the code, a missing specification in the design, or a contradiction in the requirement.

  An error is "the difference between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition" (page 15). An error is not an event, but a difference, and it may or may not result in a

  failure. For example, an error could be a rounding error in the calculation, a measurement error in the observation, or a deviation error in the condition.

  References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, pages 15-18, 25; ISTQB CTFL 4.0 - Sample Exam - Answers, Version 1.1, 2023, question96, page 34.

• Question 129:

  A financial institution is to implement a system that calculates the interest rates paid on investment accounts based on the sum invested.

  You are responsible for testing the system and decide to use equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases. The requirements describe the following expectations:

  Investment range| Interest rate

  R500 to RIO 00010%

  RIO 001 to R50 00011%

  R50 001 to RlOOOOO12%

  RIOOOOl to R500 000| 13%

  What is the minimum number of test cases required to cover all valid equivalence partitions for calculating the interest?

  A. 5
  B. 4
  C. 8
  D. 16
  B. 4

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  Explanation

  Using equivalence partitioning, the investment ranges are divided into four partitions:

  R500 to R10,000 (10%) R10,001 to R50,000 (11%) R50,001 to R100,000 (12%) R100,001 to R500,000 (13%)

  Thus, the minimum number of test cases required to cover all valid equivalence partitions for calculating the interest is 4.

• Question 130:

  Which of the following options is correct with respect to the differentiation of black-box techniques, white- box techniques, and experience-based testing?

  A. Black-box test techniques are based on requirements, white-box tests on source code. Therefore, black- box test techniques are always performed at higher test levels (e.g. system and acceptance level) and white-box test techniques at lower test levels.
  B. Experience-based testing can complement white-box and black-box test techniques well or can be used if the basic principles for these test techniques are lacking.
  C. Experience-based testing is an extension of black-box test techniques, since experience-based test techniques also do not require knowledge about the source code.
  D. The coverage items can be specified in advance, e.g., coverage of statements, states or checklists, for all three of the categories mentioned above.
  B. Experience-based testing can complement white-box and black-box test techniques well or can be used if the basic principles for these test techniques are lacking.

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  Explanation