A company's CloudOps engineer monitors multiple AWS accounts in an organization and checks each account's AWS Health Dashboard. After adding 10 new accounts, the engineer wants to consolidate health alerts from all accounts.
Which solution meets this requirement with the least operational effort?
A. Enable organizational view in AWS Health. B. Configure the Health Dashboard in each account to forward events to a central AWS CloudTrail log. C. Create an AWS Lambda function to query the AWS Health API and write all events to an Amazon DynamoDB table. D. Use the AWS Health API to write events to an Amazon DynamoDB table.
A. Enable organizational view in AWS Health.
Explanation
The AWS Cloud Operations and Governance documentation defines that enabling Organizational View in AWS Health allows the management account in AWS Organizations to view and aggregate health events from all member accounts.
This feature provides a single-pane-of-glass view of service health issues, account-specific events, and planned maintenance across the organization - without requiring additional automation or data pipelines. Alternative options (B, C, and D) require custom integration and ongoing maintenance. CloudTrail does not natively forward AWS Health events, and custom Lambda or DynamoDB approaches increase complexity. Therefore, Option A - enabling the Organizational View feature in AWS Health - is the most operationally efficient and AWS-recommended solution.
AWS Cloud Operations & Governance Guide - Consolidating Multi-Account Health Events with AWS Health Organizational View
Question 112:
A CloudOps engineer needs to automate patching across EC2 instances.
Which AWS feature should be used?
A. AWS Systems Manager Patch Manager B. AWS Config C. Amazon Inspector D. AWS Backup
A. AWS Systems Manager Patch Manager
Explanation
Patch Manager automates OS patching using maintenance windows and patch baselines, reducing manual effort.
Systems Manager - Patch Manager
Question 113:
A CloudOps engineer must deploy application updates to an Auto Scaling group with minimal downtime and the ability to stop and roll back if errors increase during deployment.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Replace instances manually by terminating and relaunching them. B. Use AWS CodeDeploy with an in-place or blue/green deployment configuration for Auto Scaling groups. C. Use AWS Trusted Advisor to apply recommended changes. D. Use AWS Config to roll back the Auto Scaling group configuration.
B. Use AWS CodeDeploy with an in-place or blue/green deployment configuration for Auto Scaling groups.
Explanation
CodeDeploy integrates with Auto Scaling groups to manage controlled deployments with health monitoring, phased rollouts, and rollback behavior. With appropriate deployment configuration, CodeDeploy can stop or roll back deployments when failures occur, minimizing downtime and operational risk. This directly satisfies "minimal downtime" and "ability to stop/roll back" requirements. Manual replacement is slow and increases downtime. Trusted Advisor does not perform deployments. AWS Config tracks and evaluates configuration but does not provide an application deployment orchestration engine with rollback controls.
AWS CodeDeploy - Deployments to Auto Scaling groups with rollback
Question 114:
A company is performing deployments of an application at regular intervals. Users report that the application sometimes does not work properly. The company discovers that some users' browsers are fetching previous versions of the JavaScript files. The application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The ALB is the origin for an Amazon CloudFront distribution. A SysOps administrator must implement a solution to ensure that CloudFront serves the latest version of the JavaScript files. The solution must not affect application server performance.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Reduce the maximum TTL and default TTL of the CloudFront distribution behavior to 0. B. Add a final step in the deployment process to invalidate all files in the CloudFront distribution. C. Add a final step in the deployment process to invalidate only the changed JavaScript files in the CloudFront distribution. D. Remove CloudFront from the path of serving JavaScript files. Serve the JavaScript files directly through the ALB.
C. Add a final step in the deployment process to invalidate only the changed JavaScript files in the CloudFront distribution.
Explanation
The correct answer is C because selective CloudFront invalidation ensures that only updated JavaScript files are refreshed across edge locations. AWS CloudOps documentation explains that invalidations remove cached objects so that CloudFront fetches the latest version from the origin on the next request.
Invalidating only changed files minimizes cost, reduces operational impact, and avoids unnecessary origin requests. This approach ensures users always receive the latest application assets without degrading backend performance.
Option A is incorrect because setting TTLs to 0 forces CloudFront to query the origin for every request, increasing load on the ALB and EC2 instances. Option B is inefficient and costly because invalidating all files is unnecessary. Option D removes the benefits of CloudFront caching and increases latency.
AWS CloudOps best practices recommend targeted invalidations during deployments to balance performance, cost, and correctness.
Question 115:
A CloudOps engineer notices that EC2 instances behind a Network Load Balancer receive traffic, but responses fail intermittently. Security groups are correctly configured.
What is the MOST LIKELY cause?
A. Missing inbound rule on the NLB security group B. Missing outbound ephemeral port rule in the subnet NACL C. Incorrect target group health check port D. Disabled cross-zone load balancing
B. Missing outbound ephemeral port rule in the subnet NACL
Explanation
Network ACLs are stateless. If inbound traffic is allowed but outbound ephemeral ports are not, response traffic is dropped, causing intermittent failures.
Security groups are stateful and do not require explicit return rules.
Amazon VPC - Network ACL Behavior
Question 116:
A CloudOps engineer is preparing to deploy an application to Amazon EC2 instances that are in an Auto Scaling group. The application requires dependencies to be installed. Application updates are issued weekly.
The CloudOps engineer needs to implement a solution to incorporate the application updates on a regular basis. The solution also must conduct a vulnerability scan during Amazon Machine Image (AMI) creation.
What is the MOST operationally efficient solution that meets these requirements?
A. Create a script that uses Packer and schedule a cron job. B. Install the application and dependencies on an EC2 instance and create an AMI. C. Use EC2 Image Builder with a custom recipe to install the application and dependencies. D. Invoke the EC2 CreateImage API operation by using an EventBridge scheduled rule.
C. Use EC2 Image Builder with a custom recipe to install the application and dependencies.
Explanation
EC2 Image Builder is a managed service that automates the creation, testing, vulnerability scanning, and distribution of AMIs. It supports scheduled image pipelines, which makes it ideal for weekly application updates.
Image Builder integrates with Amazon Inspector to perform vulnerability scans during image creation, fulfilling the security requirement. Custom image recipes define application dependencies and installation steps, ensuring consistency across deployments.
Manual AMI creation, cron-based scripts, or direct API calls require ongoing maintenance and do not natively support vulnerability scanning.
Therefore, EC2 Image Builder is the most operationally efficient solution.
Question 117:
A company uses an organization in AWS Organizations to manage multiple AWS accounts. The company needs to send specific events from all the accounts in the organization to a new receiver account, where an AWS Lambda function will process the events.
A CloudOps engineer configures Amazon EventBridge to route events to a target event bus in the us-west- 2 Region in the receiver account. The CloudOps engineer creates rules in both the sender and receiver accounts that match the specified events.
The rules do not specify an account parameter in the event pattern. IAM roles are created in the sender accounts to allow PutEvents actions on the target event bus.
However, the first test events from the us-east-1 Region are not processed by the Lambda function in the receiving account.
What is the likely reason the events are not processed?
A. Interface VPC endpoints for EventBridge are required in the sender accounts and receiver accounts. B. The target Lambda function is in a different AWS Region, which is not supported by EventBridge. C. The resource-based policy on the target event bus must be modified to allow PutEvents API calls from the sender accounts. D. The rule in the receiving account must specify {"account": ["sender-account-id"]} in its event pattern and must include the receiving account ID.
C. The resource-based policy on the target event bus must be modified to allow PutEvents API calls from the sender accounts.
Explanation
Per the AWS Cloud Operations and EventBridge documentation, when events are sent across AWS accounts - particularly from multiple accounts in an AWS Organization target event bus in the receiver account must include a - the resource-based policy that explicitly allows events:PutEvents API calls from the sender accounts or the organization ID. Even if the sender accounts have IAM permissions to call PutEvents, the receiving event bus must trust those accounts via a resource policy. Without this configuration, EventBridge automatically rejects incoming cross-account events, and those events never reach the target Lambda function for processing.
AWS guidance states that "Cross-account event delivery requires a resource-based policy on the event bus that grants permissions to the source accounts or organization." The policy can include either individual AWS account IDs or the organization's root ID. In this scenario, because the events originate from multiple accounts and there is no resource policy on the target event bus to authorize those sender accounts, the events are not delivered.
Therefore, the correct cause is C - the resource-based policy on the target event bus must be modified to allow PutEvents API calls from the sender accounts.
AWS Cloud Operations - EventBridge Cross-Account Event Delivery Section, Permissions for Event Bus Targets and Organizational Event Routing
Question 118:
A company runs an application on Amazon EC2 that connects to an Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL database . A developer accidentally drops a table from the database, causing application errors.
Two hours later, a CloudOps engineer needs to recover the data and make the application functional again.
Which solution will meet this requirement?
A. Use the Aurora Backtrack feature to rewind the database to a specified time, 2 hours in the past. B. Perform a point-in-time recovery on the existing database to restore the database to a specified point in time, 2 hours in the past. C. Perform a point-in-time recovery and create a new database to restore the database to a specified point in time, 2 hours in the past. Reconfigure the application to use a new database endpoint. D. Create a new Aurora cluster. Choose the Restore data from S3 bucket option. Choose log files up to the failure time 2 hours in the past.
C. Perform a point-in-time recovery and create a new database to restore the database to a specified point in time, 2 hours in the past. Reconfigure the application to use a new database endpoint.
Explanation
In the AWS Cloud Operations and Aurora documentation, when data loss occurs due to human error such as dropped tables, Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) is the recommended method for restoration. PITR creates a new Aurora cluster restored to a specific time before the failure. The restored cluster has a new endpoint that must be reconfigured in the application to resume normal operations. AWS does not support performing PITR directly on an existing production database because that would overwrite current data.
Aurora Backtrack (Option A) applies only to Aurora MySQL, not PostgreSQL. Option B is incorrect because PITR cannot be executed in place. Option D refers to an import process from S3, which is unrelated to time-based recovery.
Hence, Option C is correct and follows the AWS CloudOps standard recovery pattern for PostgreSQL workloads.
A company is implementing security and compliance by using AWS Trusted Advisor . The company's CloudOps team is validating the list of Trusted Advisor checks that it can access.
Which factor will affect the quantity of available Trusted Advisor checks?
A. Whether at least one Amazon EC2 instance is in the running state B. The AWS Support plan C. An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP) D. Whether the AWS account root user has multi-factor authentication (MFA) enabled
B. The AWS Support plan
Explanation
The number of AWS Trusted Advisor checks available to an account depends on the AWS Support plan associated with the account. The Basic and Developer support plans provide access to a limited set of Trusted Advisor checks, primarily focused on security and service limits.
The Business and Enterprise support plans provide full access to all Trusted Advisor checks, including cost optimization, performance, fault tolerance, and security categories.
Running EC2 instances, SCPs, or MFA settings do not affect the availability of Trusted Advisor checks.
Therefore, the AWS Support plan determines the quantity of available Trusted Advisor checks.
Question 120:
Application A runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind a Network Load Balancer (NLB). The EC2 instances are in an Auto Scaling group and are in the same subnet that is associated with the NLB. Other applications from an on-premises environment cannot communicate with Application A on port 8080.
To troubleshoot the issue, a CloudOps engineer analyzes the flow logs. The flow logs include the following records:
ACCEPT from 192.168.0.13:59003 # 172.31.16.139:8080
REJECT from 172.31.16.139:8080 # 192.168.0.13:59003
What is the reason for the rejected traffic?
A. The security group of the EC2 instances has no Allow rule for the traffic from the NLB. B. The security group of the NLB has no Allow rule for the traffic from the on-premises environment. C. The ACL of the on-premises environment does not allow traffic to the AWS environment. D. The network ACL that is associated with the subnet does not allow outbound traffic for the ephemeral port range.
D. The network ACL that is associated with the subnet does not allow outbound traffic for the ephemeral port range.
Explanation
Comprehensive and Detailed From Exact Extract of AWS CloudOps Doocuments:
VPC Flow Logs show the request arriving and being ACCEPTed on dstport 8080 and the corresponding response being REJECTed on the return path to the client's ephemeral port (59003). AWS networking guidance states that security groups are stateful (return traffic is automatically allowed) while network ACLs are stateless and require explicit inbound and outbound rules for both directions. CloudOps operational guidance for VPC networking further notes that when you allow an inbound request (for example, TCP 8080) through a subnet's network ACL, you must also allow the outbound ephemeral port range (typically 1024-65535) for the response traffic; otherwise, the return packets are dropped and appear as REJECT in flow logs. The observed pattern-request accepted to 8080, response rejected to 59003-matches a missing outbound ephemeral-range allow on the subnet's NACL. Therefore, the cause is the subnet NACL, not security groups or on-premises ACLs. The remediation is to add an outbound ALLOW rule on the NACL for the appropriate ephemeral TCP port range back to the on-premises CIDR (and the corresponding inbound rule if asymmetric).
References (AWS CloudOps documents / Study Guide):
AWS Certified CloudOps Engineer - Associate (SOA-C03) Exam Guide - Networking and Content Delivery Amazon VPC - Network ACLs (stateless behavior and rule requirements) Amazon VPC - Security Groups (stateful return traffic) VPC Flow Logs - Record fields, ACCEPT/REJECT analysis
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