PECB ISO 27001 LEAD-IMPLEMENTER Questions & Answers

• Question 61:

  Scenario 4: TradeB. a commercial bank that has just entered the market, accepts deposits from its clients and offers basic financial services and loans for investments. TradeB has decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on ISO/IEC 27001 Having no experience of a management [^system implementation, TradeB's top management contracted two experts to direct and manage the ISMS implementation project.

  First, the project team analyzed the 93 controls of ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A and listed only the security controls deemed applicable to the company and their objectives Based on this analysis, they drafted the Statement of Applicability. Afterward, they conducted a risk assessment, during which they identified assets, such as hardware, software, and networks, as well as threats and vulnerabilities, assessed potential consequences and likelihood, and determined the level of risks based on three nonnumerical categories (low, medium, and high). They evaluated the risks based on the risk evaluation criteria and decided to treat only the high risk category They also decided to focus primarily on the unauthorized use of administrator rights and system interruptions due to several hardware failures by establishing a new version of the access control policy, implementing controls to manage and control user access, and implementing a control for ICT readiness for business continuity

  Lastly, they drafted a risk assessment report, in which they wrote that if after the implementation of these security controls the level of risk is below the acceptable level, the risks will be accepted

  What should TradeB do in order to deal with residual risks? Refer to scenario 4.

  A. TradeB should evaluate, calculate, and document the value of risk reduction following risk treatment

  B. TradeB should immediately implement new controls to treat all residual risks

  C. TradeB should accept the residual risks only above the acceptance level

  Correct Answer: A

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer, residual risk is the risk remaining after risk treatment. Residual risk should be compared with the acceptable level of risk, which is the level of risk that the organization is willing to tolerate. If the residual risk is below the acceptable level of risk, then the risk can be accepted. If the residual risk is above the acceptable level of risk, then additional risk treatment options should be considered. Therefore, TradeB should evaluate, calculate, and document the value of risk reduction following risk treatment, which is the difference between the initial risk and the residual risk. This will help TradeB to determine whether the risk treatment was effective and whether the residual risk is acceptable or not. References: ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study guide and documents, section 8.3.2 Risk treatment ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 14, Risk management process

• Question 62:

  Scenario 6: Skyver offers worldwide shipping of electronic products, including gaming consoles, flat-screen TVs. computers, and printers. In order to ensure information security, the company has decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001.

  Colin, the company's best information security expert, decided to hold a training and awareness session for the personnel of the company regarding the information security challenges and other information security-related controls. The session included topics such as Skyver's information security approaches and techniques for mitigating phishing and malware.

  One of the participants in the session is Lisa, who works in the HR Department. Although Colin explains the existing Skyver's information security policies and procedures in an honest and fair manner, she finds some of the issues being discussed too technical and does not fully understand the session. Therefore, in a lot of cases, she requests additional help from the trainer and her colleagues

  Based on scenario 6. Lisa found some of the issues being discussed in the training and awareness session too technical, thus not fully understanding the session. What does this indicate?

  A. Lisa did not take actions to acquire the necessary competence

  B. The effectiveness of the training and awareness session was not evaluated

  C. Skyver did not determine differing team needs in accordance to the activities they perform and the intended results

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Training Course Guide1, one of the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001 is to ensure that all persons doing work under the organization's control are aware of the information security policy, their contribution to the effectiveness of the ISMS, the implications of not conforming to the ISMS requirements, and the benefits of improved information security performance. To achieve this, the organization should determine the necessary competence of persons doing work under its control that affects its information security performance, provide training or take other actions to acquire the necessary competence, evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken, and retain appropriate documented information as evidence of competence. The organization should also determine differing team needs in accordance to the activities they perform and the intended results, and provide appropriate training and awareness programs to meet those needs. Therefore, the scenario indicates that Skyver did not determine differing team needs in accordance to the activities they perform and the intended results, since Lisa, who works in the HR Department, found some of the issues being discussed in the training and awareness session too technical, thus not fully understanding the session. This implies that the session was not tailored to the specific needs and roles of the HR personnel, and that the information security expert did not consider the level of technical knowledge and skills required for them to perform their work effectively and securely. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Training Course Guide1 ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit2

• Question 63:

  What supports the continual improvement of an ISMS?

  A. The update of documented information

  B. The update of action plans

  C. The update of eternal audit reports

  Correct Answer: A

  Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, the organization should establish, implement and maintain a process to manage changes that affect the information security management system (ISMS) and to continually improve the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the ISMS (section 8.1.3 and 10.2). The standard also states that the organization should update the documented information of the ISMS as necessary to reflect the changes and the results of the improvement process (section 8.1.3.2 and 10.2.2). Therefore, the update of documented information supports the continual improvement of the ISMS by ensuring that the ISMS is aligned with the current and future needs and expectations of the organization and its interested parties. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements1 ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Info Kit Continual Improvement For ISO 27001 Requirement 10.22

• Question 64:

  A small organization that is implementing an ISMS based on ISO/lEC 27001 has decided to outsource the internal audit function to a third party. Is this acceptable?

  A. Yes, outsourcing the internal audit function to a third party is often a better option for small organizations to demonstrate independence and impartiality

  B. No, the organizations cannot outsource the internal audit function to a third party because during internal audit, the organization audits its own system

  C. No, the outsourcing of the internal audit function may compromise the independence and impartiality of the internal audit team

  Correct Answer: A

  Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, an internal audit is an audit conducted by the organization itself to evaluate the conformity and effectiveness of its information security management system (ISMS). The standard

  requires that the internal audit should be performed by auditors who are objective and impartial, meaning that they should not have any personal or professional interest or bias that could influence their judgment or compromise their integrity.

  The standard also allows the organization to outsource the internal audit function to a third party, as long as the criteria of objectivity and impartiality are met.

  Outsourcing the internal audit function to a third party can be a better option for small organizations that may not have enough resources, skills, or experience to perform an internal audit by themselves. By hiring an external auditor, the

  organization can benefit from the following advantages:

  The external auditor can provide a fresh and independent perspective on the organization's ISMS, identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that may not be apparent to the internal staff.

  The external auditor can bring in specialized knowledge, expertise, and best practices from other organizations and industries, helping the organization to improve its ISMS and achieve its objectives.

  The external auditor can reduce the risk of conflict of interest, bias, or influence that may arise when the internal staff audit their own work or the work of their colleagues.

  The external auditor can save the organization time and money by conducting the internal audit more efficiently and effectively, avoiding duplication of work or unnecessary delays.

  Therefore, outsourcing the internal audit function to a third party is acceptable and often preferable for small organizations that are implementing an ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001.

  References:

  ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security management systems -- Requirements, Clause 9.2, Internal audit ISO/IEC 27007:2023, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Guidelines for information security management systems auditing PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 12, Internal audit A Complete Guide to an ISO 27001 Internal Audit - Sprinto

• Question 65:

  An organization wants to enable the correlation and analysis of security-related events and other recorded data and to support investigations into information security incidents. Which control should it implement7

  A. Use of privileged utility programs

  B. Clock synchronization

  C. Installation of software on operational systems

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: Clock synchronization is the control that enables the correlation and analysis of security-related events and other recorded data and to support investigations into information security incidents. According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A, control A.8.23.1 states: "The clocks of all relevant information processing systems within an organization or security domain shall be synchronized with an agreed accurate time source." This ensures that the timestamps of the events and data are consistent and accurate across different systems and sources, which facilitates the identification of causal relationships, patterns, trends, and anomalies. Clock synchronization also helps to establish the sequence of events and the responsibility of the parties involved in an incident. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A, control A.8.23.1 PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7, slide 21

• Question 66:

  Diana works as a customer service representative for a large e-commerce company. One day, she accidently modified the order details of a customer without their permission Due to this error, the customer received an incorrect product. Which information security principle was breached in this case7

  A. Availability

  B. Confidentiality

  C. Integrity

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, information security controls are measures that are implemented to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets1. Controls can be preventive, detective, or corrective, depending on their purpose and nature2. Preventive controls aim to prevent or deter the occurrence of a security incident or reduce its likelihood. Detective controls aim to detect or discover the occurrence of a security incident or its symptoms. Corrective controls aim to correct or restore the normal state of an asset or a process after a security incident or mitigate its impact2. In this scenario, Socket Inc. implemented several security controls to prevent information security incidents from recurring, such as: Segregation of networks: This is a preventive and technical control that involves separating different parts of a network into smaller segments, using devices such as routers, firewalls, or VPNs, to limit the access and communication between them3. This can enhance the security and performance of the network, as well as reduce the administrative efforts and costs3. Privileged access rights: This is a preventive and administrative control that involves granting access to information assets or systems only to authorized personnel who have a legitimate need to access them, based on their roles and responsibilities4. This can reduce the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, or modification of information assets or systems4. Cryptographic controls: This is a preventive and technical control that involves the use of cryptography, which is the science of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of information assets or systems. This can prevent unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure of information assets or systems. Information security threat management: This is a preventive and administrative control that involves the identification, analysis, and response to information security threats, which are any incidents that could negatively affect the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information assets or systems. This can help the organization to anticipate, prevent, or mitigate the impact of information security threats. Information security integration into project management: This is a preventive and administrative control that involves the incorporation of information security requirements and controls into the planning, execution, and closure of projects, which are temporary endeavors undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. This can ensure that information security risks and opportunities are identified and addressed throughout the project life cycle. However, information backup is not a preventive control, but a corrective control. Information backup is a corrective and technical control that involves the creation and maintenance of copies of information assets or systems, using dedicated software and utilities, to ensure that they can be recovered in case of data loss, corruption, accidental deletion, or cyber incidents. This can help the organization to restore the normal state of information assets or systems after a security incident or mitigate its impact. Therefore, information backup does not prevent information security incidents from recurring, but rather helps the organization to recover from them.

• Question 67:

  Kyte. a company that has an online shopping website, has added a QandA section to its website; however, its Customer Service Department almost never provides answers to users' questions. Which principle of an effective communication strategy has Kyte not followed?

  A. Clarity

  B. Appropriateness

  C. Responsiveness

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: A demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a network segment that separates the internal network from the external network, such as the internet. A DMZ is designed to provide a layer of protection for the internal network by limiting the

  exposure of publicly accessible resources and services to potential attackers. A DMZ is an example of a preventive control, which is a type of security control that aims to prevent or deter cyberattacks from occurring in the first place.

  Preventive controls reduce the likelihood of a successful attack by implementing safeguards and countermeasures that make it more difficult or costly for an attacker to exploit vulnerabilities or bypass security mechanisms. Other examples of

  preventive controls include encryption, authentication, access control, firewalls, antivirus software, and security awareness training. (From the PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course Manual, page 83)

  References:

  PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course Manual, page 83 PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 7

• Question 68:

  An organization documented each security control that it Implemented by describing their functions in detail. Is this compliant with ISO/IEC 27001?

  A. No, the standard requires to document only the operation of processes and controls, so no description of each security control is needed

  B. No, because the documented information should have a strict format, including the date, version number and author identification

  C. Yes, but documenting each security control and not the process in general will make it difficult to review the documented information

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 7.5, an organization is required to maintain documented information to support the operation of its processes and to have confidence that the processes are being carried out as planned. This includes documenting the information security policy, the scope of the ISMS, the risk assessment and treatment methodology, the statement of applicability, the risk treatment plan, the information security objectives, and the results of monitoring, measurement, analysis, evaluation, internal audit, and management review. However, the standard does not specify the level of detail or the format of the documented information, as long as it is suitable for the organization's needs and context. Therefore, documenting each security control that is implemented by describing their functions in detail is not a violation of the standard, but it may not be the most efficient or effective way to document the ISMS. Documenting each security control separately may make it harder to review, update, and communicate the documented information, and may also create unnecessary duplication or inconsistency. A better approach would be to document the processes and activities that involve the use of security controls, and to reference the relevant controls from Annex A or other sources. This way, the documented information would be more aligned with the process approach and the Plan-DoCheck-Act cycle that the standard promotes. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements, clauses 4.3, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.5, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, and Annex A ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer objectives and content, 4 and 5

• Question 69:

  FinanceX, a well-known financial institution, uses an online banking platform that enables clients to easily and securely access their bank accounts. To log in, clients are required to enter the one-lime authorization code sent to their smartphone. What can be concluded from this scenario?

  A. FinanceX has implemented a securityControl that ensures the confidentiality of information

  B. FinanceX has implemented an integrity control that avoids the involuntary corruption of data

  C. FinanceX has incorrectly implemented a security control that could become a vulnerability

  Correct Answer: A

  Explanation: Confidentiality is the property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes. A security control is a measure that is put in place to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets. In this scenario, FinanceX has implemented a security control that ensures the confidentiality of information by requiring clients to enter a one-time authorization code sent to their smartphone when they log in to their online banking platform. This control prevents unauthorized access to the clients' bank accounts and protects their sensitive information from being disclosed to third parties. The one-time authorization code is a form of two-factor authentication, which is a security technique that requires two pieces of evidence to verify the identity of a user. In this case, the two factors are something the user knows (their username and password) and something the user has (their smartphone). Two-factor authentication is a recommended security control for online banking platforms, as it provides a higher level of security than single-factor authentication, which relies only on one piece of evidence, such as a password. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Content, Module 5: Introduction to Information Security Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001:20221; ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection, Clause 3.6: Confidentiality2; ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of practice for information security controls, Clause 9.4: Access control3

• Question 70:

  An organization has decided to conduct information security awareness and training sessions on a monthly basis for all employees. Only 45% of employees who attended these sessions were able to pass the exam. What does the percentage represent?

  A. Measurement objective

  B. Attribute

  C. Performance indicator

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, a performance indicator is "a metric that provides information about the effectiveness or efficiency of an activity, process, system or organization" (section 3.35). A performance indicator should be measurable, relevant, achievable, realistic and time-bound (SMART). In this case, the percentage of employees who passed the exam is a performance indicator that measures the effectiveness of the information security awareness and training sessions. It shows how well the sessions achieved their intended learning outcomes and how well the employees understood the information security concepts and practices. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements1 ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Info Kit Key performance indicators for an ISO 27001 ISMS2