PECB ISO 27001 LEAD-IMPLEMENTER Questions & Answers

• Question 51:

  Scenario 3: Socket Inc is a telecommunications company offering mainly wireless products and services. It uses MongoDB. a document model database that offers high availability, scalability, and flexibility.

  Last month, Socket Inc. reported an information security incident. A group of hackers compromised its MongoDB database, because the database administrators did not change its default settings, leaving it without a password and publicly accessible.

  Fortunately. Socket Inc. performed regular information backups in their MongoDB database, so no information was lost during the incident. In addition, a syslog server allowed Socket Inc. to centralize all logs in one server. The company found out that no persistent backdoor was placed and that the attack was not initiated from an employee inside the company by reviewing the event logs that record user faults and exceptions.

  To prevent similar incidents in the future, Socket Inc. decided to use an access control system that grants access to authorized personnel only. The company also implemented a control in order to define and implement rules for the effective use of cryptography, including cryptographic key management, to protect the database from unauthorized access The implementation was based on all relevant agreements, legislation, and regulations, and the information classification scheme. To improve security and reduce the administrative efforts, network segregation using VPNs was proposed.

  Lastly, Socket Inc. implemented a new system to maintain, collect, and analyze information related to information security threats, and integrate information security into project management.

  Can Socket Inc. find out that no persistent backdoor was placed and that the attack was initiated from an employee inside the company by reviewing event logs that record user faults and exceptions? Refer to scenario 3.

  A. Yes. Socket Inc. can find out that no persistent backdoor was placed by only reviewing user faults and exceptions logs

  B. No, Socket Inc should also have reviewed event logs that record user activities

  C. No, Socket Inc. should have reviewed all the logs on the syslog server

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: Event logs are records of events that occur in a system or network, such as user actions, faults, exceptions, errors, warnings, or security incidents. They can provide valuable information for monitoring, auditing, and troubleshooting purposes. Event logs can be categorized into different types, depending on the source and nature of the events. For example, user activity logs record the actions performed by users, such as login, logout, file access, or command execution. User fault and exception logs record the errors or anomalies that occur due to user input or behavior, such as invalid data entry, unauthorized access attempts, or system crashes. In scenario 3, Socket Inc. used a syslog server to centralize all logs in one server, which is a good practice for log management. However, to find out that no persistent backdoor was placed and that the attack was not initiated from an employee inside the company, Socket Inc. should have reviewed not only the user fault and exception logs, but also the user activity logs. The user activity logs could reveal any suspicious or malicious actions performed by the hackers or the employees, such as creating, modifying, or deleting files, executing commands, or installing software. By reviewing both types of logs, Socket Inc. could have a more complete picture of the incident and its root cause. Reviewing all the logs on the syslog server might not be necessary or feasible, as some logs might be irrelevant or too voluminous to analyze. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Content, Module 8: Performance Evaluation, Monitoring and Measurement of an ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001:20221; ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection, Clause 9.1: Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation2; ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of practice for information security controls, Clause 12.4: Logging and monitoring3

• Question 52:

  Scenario 1: HealthGenic is a pediatric clinic that monitors the health and growth of individuals from infancy to early adulthood using a web-based medical software. The software is also used to schedule appointments, create customized medical reports, store patients' data and medical history, and communicate with all the [^involved parties, including parents, other physicians, and the medical laboratory staff.

  Last month, HealthGenic experienced a number of service interruptions due to the increased number of users accessing the software Another issue the company faced while using the software was the complicated user interface, which the untrained personnel found challenging to use.

  The top management of HealthGenic immediately informed the company that had developed the software about the issue. The software company fixed the issue; however, in the process of doing so, it modified some files that comprised sensitive information related to HealthGenic's patients. The modifications that were made resulted in incomplete and incorrect medical reports and, more importantly, invaded the patients' privacy.

  Intrinsic vulnerabilities, such as the______________ are related to the characteristics of the asset. Refer to scenario 1.

  A. Software malfunction

  B. Service interruptions

  C. Complicated user interface

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: Intrinsic vulnerabilities are related to the characteristics of the asset that make it susceptible to threats, regardless of the presence or absence of controls. In scenario 1, the complicated user interface of the web-based medical software is an intrinsic vulnerability, as it is a feature of the software that makes it difficult to use and increases the likelihood of human errors. The software malfunction and the service interruptions are not intrinsic vulnerabilities, but rather incidents that occurred due to external factors, such as the increased number of users or the software company's actions. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Content, Module 6: Risk Assessment and Treatment1; ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection, Clause 6.1.2: Information security risk assessment2

• Question 53:

  Scenario 7: InfoSec is a multinational corporation headquartered in Boston, MA, which provides professional electronics, gaming, and entertainment services. After facing numerous information security incidents, InfoSec has decided to establish teams and implement measures to prevent potential incidents in the future

  Emma, Bob. and Anna were hired as the new members of InfoSec's information security team, which consists of a security architecture team, an incident response team (IRT) and a forensics team Emma's job is to create information security plans, policies, protocols, and training to prepare InfoSec to respond to incidents effectively Emma and Bob would be full- time employees of InfoSec, whereas Anna was contracted as an external consultant.

  Bob, a network expert, will deploy a screened subnet network architecture This architecture will isolate the demilitarized zone (OMZ) to which hosted public services are attached and InfoSec's publicly accessible resources from their private network Thus, InfoSec will be able to block potential attackers from causing unwanted events inside the company's network. Bob is also responsible for ensuring that a thorough evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event is conducted, including the details on how the event happened and what or whom it might affect.

  Anna will create records of the data, reviews, analysis, and reports in order to keep evidence for the purpose of disciplinary and legal action, and use them to prevent future incidents. To do the work accordingly, she should be aware of the company's information security incident management policy beforehand

  Among others, this policy specifies the type of records to be created, the place where they should be kept, and the format and content that specific record types should have.

  Based on this scenario, answer the following question:

  Based on his tasks, which team is Bob part of?

  A. Security architecture team

  B. Forensics team

  C. Incident response team

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: Based on his tasks, Bob is part of the incident response team (IRT) of InfoSec. According to ISO/IEC 27035-2:2023, the IRT is a team of appropriately skilled and trusted members of an organization that responds to and resolves incidents in a coordinated way1. One of the tasks of the IRT is to conduct an evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event, including the details on how the event happened and what or whom it might affect1. This is consistent with Bob's responsibility of ensuring that a thorough evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event is conducted. Therefore, Bob belongs to the incident response team. References: ISO/IEC 27035-2:2023 (en), Information technology -- Information security incident management -- Part 2: Guidelines to plan and prepare for incident response1 Response to Information Security Incidents | ISMS.online2

• Question 54:

  Which of the following statements regarding information security risk is NOT correct?

  A. Information security risk is associated with the potential that the vulnerabilities of an information asset may be exploited by threats

  B. Information security risk cannot be accepted without being treated or during the process of risk treatment

  C. Information security risk can be expressed as the effect of uncertainty on information security objectives

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, information security risk can be accepted as one of the four possible options for risk treatment, along with avoiding, modifying, or sharing the risk12. Risk acceptance means that the organization decides to tolerate the level of risk without taking any further action to reduce it3. Risk acceptance can be done before, during, or after the risk treatment process, depending on the organization's risk criteria and the residual risk level4. References: 1: ISO 27001 Risk Assessments | IT Governance UK 2: ISO 27001 Risk Assessment: 7 Step Guide - IT Governance UK Blog 3: ISO 27001 Clause 6.1.2 Information security risk assessment process 4: ISO 27001 Risk Assessment and Risk Treatment: The Complete Guide - Advisera

• Question 55:

  An organization uses Platform as a Services (PaaS) to host its cloud-based services As such, the cloud provider manages most off the services to the organization. However, the organization still manages____________________

  A. Operating system and visualization

  B. Servers and storage

  C. Application and data

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 56:

  DelandCo has decided to improve their staff-related controls to prevent incidents. Which of the following is NOT a preventive control related to the DelandCo's staff?

  A. Authentication and authorization

  B. Control of physical access to the equipment

  C. Video cameras

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.7, the objective of human resource security is to ensure that employees and contractors understand their responsibilities and are suitable for the roles for which they are considered, and to reduce the risk of human error, theft, fraud, or misuse of facilities. The standard specifies eight controls in this domain, which are:

  A.7.1 Prior to employment: This control covers the screening, terms and conditions, and roles and responsibilities of employees and contractors before they are hired.

  A.7.2 During employment: This control covers the awareness, education, and training, disciplinary process, and management responsibilities of employees and contractors during their employment.

  A.7.3 Termination and change of employment: This control covers the return of assets, removal of access rights, and exit interviews of employees and contractors when they leave or change their roles. The other controls in Annex A are related to other aspects of information security, such as organizational, physical, and technological controls. For example:

  A.9.2 User access management: This control covers the authentication and authorization of users to access information systems and services, based on their roles and responsibilities.

  A.11.1 Secure areas: This control covers the control of physical access to the equipment and information assets, such as locks, alarms, guards, etc. A.13.2 Information transfer: This control covers the protection of information during its transfer, such as encryption, digital signatures, secure protocols, etc. Therefore, video cameras are not a preventive control related to the staff, but rather a physical control related to the equipment and assets. Video cameras can be used to monitor and record the activities of the staff, but they cannot prevent them from causing incidents. They can only help to detect and investigate incidents after they occur. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements, Annex A; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Implementation of Information Security Controls.

• Question 57:

  Which of the following is NOT part of the steps required by ISO/IEC 27001 that an organization must take when a nonconformity is detected?

  A. React to the nonconformity, take action to control and correct it. and deal with its consequences

  B. Evaluate the need for action to eliminate the causes of the nonconformity so that it does not recur or occur elsewhere

  C. Communicate the details of the nonconformity to every employee of the organization and suspend the employee that caused the nonconformity

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: According to the ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer course, the steps required by ISO/IEC 27001 that an organization must take when a nonconformity is detected are as follows1: React to the nonconformity, take action to control and correct it, and deal with its consequences Evaluate the need for action to eliminate the causes of the nonconformity so that it does not recur or occur elsewhere Implement any action needed Review the effectiveness of the corrective action Make changes to the information security management system (ISMS) if necessary Therefore, communicating the details of the nonconformity to every employee of the organization and suspending the employee that caused the nonconformity is not part of the steps required by ISO/IEC 27001. This option is not only unnecessary, but also potentially harmful, as it could violate the principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, as well as the human rights and dignity of the employee involved2. Instead, the organization should follow the established procedures for reporting, recording, and analyzing nonconformities, and ensure that the corrective actions are appropriate, proportional, and fair3. References: 1: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 10: Nonconformity and Corrective Action, slide 9 2: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 10: Nonconformity and Corrective Action, slide 10 3: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 10: Nonconformity and Corrective Action, slide

• Question 58:

  An organization has justified the exclusion of control 5.18 Access rights of ISO/IEC 27001 in the Statement of Applicability (SoA) as follows: "An access control reader is already installed at the main entrance of the building." Which statement is correct'

  A. The justification for the exclusion of a control is not required to be included in the SoA

  B. The justification is not acceptable, because it does not reflect the purpose of control 5.18

  C. The justification is not acceptable because it does not indicate that it has been selected based on the risk assessment results

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.1.3, the Statement of Applicability (SoA) is a document that identifies the controls that are applicable to the organization's ISMS and explains why they are selected or not. The SoA is based on the results of the risk assessment and risk treatment, which are the previous steps in the risk management process. Therefore, the justification for the exclusion of a control should be based on the risk assessment results and the risk treatment plan, and should reflect the purpose and objective of the control. Control 5.18 of ISO/IEC 27001:2022 is about access rights to information and other associated assets, which should be provisioned, reviewed, modified and removed in accordance with the organization's topic-specific policy on and rules for access control. The purpose of this control is to prevent unauthorized access to, modification of, and destruction of information assets. Therefore, the justification for the exclusion of this control should explain why the organization does not need to implement this control to protect its information assets from unauthorized access. The justification given by the organization in the question is not acceptable, because it does not reflect the purpose of control 5.18. An access control reader at the main entrance of the building is a physical security measure, which is related to control 5.15 of ISO/IEC 27001:2022, not control 5.18. Control 5.18 is about logical access rights to information systems and services, which are not addressed by the access control reader. Therefore, the organization should either provide a valid justification for the exclusion of control 5.18, or include it in the SoA and implement it according to the risk assessment and risk treatment results. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.1.3, control 5.18; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 5, slide 18, Module 6, slide 10.

• Question 59:

  Scenario 8: SunDee is an American biopharmaceutical company, headquartered in California, the US. It specializes in developing novel human therapeutics, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases, oncology, bone health, and inflammation. The company has had an information security management system (ISMS) based on SO/IEC 27001 in place for the past two years. However, it has not monitored or measured the performance and effectiveness of its ISMS and conducted management reviews regularly

  Just before the recertification audit, the company decided to conduct an internal audit. It also asked most of their staff to compile the written individual reports of the past two years for their departments. This left the Production Department with less than the optimum workforce, which decreased the company's stock.

  Tessa was SunDee's internal auditor. With multiple reports written by 50 different employees, the internal audit process took much longer than planned, was very inconsistent, and had no qualitative measures whatsoever Tessa concluded that SunDee must evaluate the performance of the ISMS adequately. She defined SunDee's negligence of ISMS performance evaluation as a major nonconformity, so she wrote a nonconformity report including the description of the nonconformity, the audit findings, and recommendations. Additionally, Tessa created a new plan which would enable SunDee to resolve these issues and presented it to the top management

  Based on scenario 8. did the nonconformity report include all the necessary aspects?

  A. Yes, the report included all the necessary aspects

  B. No, the report must also specify the root cause of the nonconformity

  C. No, the report must also specify the audit criteria

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, a nonconformity report is a document that records the details of any deviation from the audit criteria that is identified during an audit2. The audit criteria are the set of policies, procedures,

  requirements, or specifications that are used as a reference against which audit evidence is compared3. Therefore, a nonconformity report must include the following aspects:

  The description of the nonconformity, which should clearly state what the deviation is, where it occurred, and when it was detected

  The audit findings, which should provide the objective evidence that supports the identification of the nonconformity

  The audit criteria, which should specify the reference document or standard that the nonconformity deviates from

  The recommendations, which should suggest the possible corrective actions or improvements that can be taken to address the nonconformity In scenario 8, Tessa's nonconformity report included the description of the nonconformity, the audit

  findings, and the recommendations, but it did not specify the audit criteria. Therefore, the report did not include all the necessary aspects and was incomplete.

  References:

  1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 9.2.3

  2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 3.23

  3: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 3.5

  4: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.9.2.3

• Question 60:

  Which tool is used to identify, analyze, and manage interested parties?

  A. The probability/impact matrix

  B. The power/interest matrix

  C. The likelihood/severity matrix

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: The power/interest matrix is a tool that can be used to identify, analyze, and manage interested parties according to ISO/IEC 27001:2022. The power/interest matrix is a two-dimensional diagram that plots the level of power and interest of each interested party in relation to the organization's information security objectives. The power/interest matrix can help the organization to prioritize the interested parties, understand their expectations and needs, and develop appropriate communication and engagement strategies. The power/interest matrix can also help the organization to identify potential risks and opportunities related to the interested parties. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 4.2; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 4, slide 12.