Which of the following correctly describes the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in sulfuric acid?
A. +5Reading Material
(1)
The study, published today in Nature Microbiology, holds promise for a new treatment method against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (commonly known as superbugs). (2) The star-shaped structures are short chains of proteins called `peptide polymers', and were created by a team from the Melbourne School of Engineering.
(3)
The team included Professor Greg Qiao and PhD candidate Shu Lam, from the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, as well as Associate Professor Neil O'Brien-Simpson and Professor Eric Reynolds from the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences and Bio21 Institute.
(4)
Professor Qiao said that currently the only treatment for infections caused by bacteria is antibiotics. (5) However, over time bacteria mutate to protect themselves against antibiotics, making treatment no longer effective. (6) These mutated bacteria are known as `superbugs'.
(7)
"It is estimated that the rise of superbugs will cause up to ten million deaths a year by 2050. (8) In addition, there have only been one or two new antibiotics developed in the last 30 years," he said.
(9)
Professor Qiao and his team have been working with peptide polymers in the past few years. (10) Recently, the team created a star-shaped peptide polymer that was extremely effective at killing Gram-negative bacteria - a major class of bacteria known to be highly prone to antibiotic resistance - while being non-toxic to the body.
(11)
In fact, tests undertaken on red blood cells showed that the star-shaped polymer dosage rate would need to be increased by a factor of greater than 100 to become toxic.
(12)
The star-shaped peptide polymer is also effective in killing superbugs when tested in animal models. (13) Furthermore, superbugs showed no signs of resistance against these peptide polymers.
(14)
The team discovered that their star-shaped peptide polymers can kill bacteria with multiple pathways, unlike most antibiotics which kill with a single pathway.
(15)
They believe that this accounts for the superior performance of the star-shaped peptide polymers over antibiotics. (16) One of these pathways includes `ripping apart' the bacteria cell wall.
(17)
While more research is needed, Professor Qiao and his team believe that their discovery is the beginning of unlocking a new treatment for antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Which of these statements cannot be inferred from the passage?
A. The polymers seem to be effective in killing the bacteria because they kill with multiple pathways as opposed to antibiotics' one pathway.A chemical drain cleaner that contains sodium hydroxide would be:
A. acidicWhich is a bodily reaction to the fight or flight response?
A. Pupil dilationHow many meters in a kilometer?
A. 10BF3 is also known as ____.
A. boron trifluorideSelect the best word for the blank in the following sentence. The ______ late student was reprimanded by the teacher.
A. habitualyWhat is 8.4 + 2.3 + 0.05?
A. 10.705Subtract: 8,674.5 - 998.9 =
A. 4,445.67Reading Material
(1)
A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. (2) Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. (3) The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. (4) The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. (5) Ventricular fibrillation! (6) When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. (7) In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. (8) In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. (9) If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person's life.
(10)
"When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient", says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. (11) "The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further". (12) Therefore, Professor Sasse's team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. (13) As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.
According to the text, what inspired scientists to look for alternatives to the current defibrillators?
A. With abundant light energy, scientists were looking for a way to put it to good use.Nowadays, the certification exams become more and more important and required by more and more enterprises when applying for a job. But how to prepare for the exam effectively? How to prepare for the exam in a short time with less efforts? How to get a ideal result and how to find the most reliable resources? Here on Vcedump.com, you will find all the answers. Vcedump.com provide not only Test Prep exam questions, answers and explanations but also complete assistance on your exam preparation and certification application. If you are confused on your HESI-A2 exam preparations and Test Prep certification application, do not hesitate to visit our Vcedump.com to find your solutions here.