Free RC0-C02 Exam Dumps Preview

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
If we cannot take the SCADA systems offline for patching, then the best way to protect these systems from malicious software is to reduce the attack surface by configuring the systems to ensure only necessary applications are able to run. The basic strategies of attack surface reduction are to reduce the amount of code running, reduce entry points available to untrusted users, and eliminate services requested by relatively few users. One approach to improving information security is to reduce the attack surface of a system or software. By turning off unnecessary functionality, there are fewer security risks. By having less code available to unauthorized actors, there will tend to be fewer failures. Although attack surface reduction helps prevent security failures, it does not mitigate the amount of damage an attacker could inflict once a vulnerability is found.

An interconnection security agreement (ISA) is a security document that derails the requirements for establishing, maintaining, and operating an interconnection between systems or networks. It specifies the requirements for connecting the systems and networks and details what security controls are co be used to protect the systems and sensitive data.

Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is mathematically expressed as: Asset value (AV) x Exposure Factor (EF) SLE = AV x EF = $100 000 x 8% = $ 8 000

References:
http://www.financeformulas.net/Return_on_Investment.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessment

Mobile device management (MDM) is a type of security software used by an IT department to monitor, manage and secure employees' mobile devices that are deployed across multiple mobile service providers and across multiple mobile operating systems being used in the organization.
A secure container, in a mobile security context, is an authenticated and encrypted area of an employee's device that separates sensitive corporate information from the owner's personal data and apps.
The purpose of containerization is to prevent malware, intruders, system resources or other applications from interacting with the secured application and associated corporate data. Secure data containers are third-party mobile apps. The container acts as a storage area that is authenticated and encrypted by software and governed by corporate IT security policies. Such apps let IT enforce security policies on the same sensitive business data across different devices, which is especially useful because native device security capabilities vary.
As BYOD (bring your own device) and consumerization trends have grown, the challenges involved in protecting both corporate data and user privacy have also increased. Containerization is one means of providing administrators with full control over corporate applications and data without affecting those of the user.

Server Message Block (SMB) is a protocol that has long been used by Windows computers for sharing files, printers and other resources among computers on the network. The server message blocks are the requests that an SMB client sends to a server and the responses that the server sends back to the client.
Microsoft has improved the SMB protocol over the years. In 2006, they came out with a new version, SMB 2.0, in conjunction with Vista, and SMB 2.1 with Windows 7. Version 2 was a major revision with significant changes, including a completely different packet format. Windows 8 introduces another new version, SMB 3.0. Microsoft has made a number of security improvements in SMB 3.0, which will be introduced in the Windows 8 client and Windows Server 2012. A new algorithm is used for SMB signing. SMB 2.x uses HMAC-SHA256. SMB 3.0 uses AES-CMAC. CMAC is based on a symmetric key block cipher (AES), whereas HMAC is based on a hash function (SHA). AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is the specification adopted by the U.S. government in 2002 and was approved by the National Security Agency (NSA) for encryption of top secret information.

In risk assessment a baseline forms the foundation for how an organization needs to increase or enhance its current level of security. This type of assessment will provide Ann with the necessary information to take to management.

It would be easier for the programmers to accommodate and address security concerns if they are made aware of the security issues at the start of the project. The security issues could affect the design of the solution. It would be better to address the security issues at the beginning of the project before the solution has been designed rather than change the design of the solution halfway through the project.

Privacy could be compromised because patient records can be from a doctor's personal device. This can then be shown to persons not authorized to view this information. Similarly, the doctor's personal device could have malware on it.

The question states that all hosts are hardened at the OS level before deployment. So we know the desktops are fully patched when the users receive them. Six months later, the desktops do not meet the compliance standards. The most likely explanation for this is that the users have changed the settings of the desktops during the six months that they've had them.

Connecting to a remote desktop server by using a remote desktop connection on a client device is has the lowest technical complexity.
Remote Desktop Services (or Remote Desktop Protocol server) is one of the components of Microsoft Windows that allows a user to take control of a remote computer or virtual machine over a network connection. RDS is Microsoft's implementation of thin client, where Windows software and the entire desktop of the computer running RDS, are made accessible to a remote client machine that supports Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). With RDS, only software user interfaces are transferred to the client system. All input from the client system is transmitted to the server, where software execution takes place.

Users, developers, and applications expect end-to-end security on their secure channels, but some secure channels are not meeting the expectation. Specifically, channels built using well known protocols such as VPN, SSL, and TLS can be vulnerable to a number of attacks.
Pinning is the process of associating a host with their expected X509 certificate or public key. Once a certificate or public key is known or seen for a host, the certificate or public key is associated or 'pinned' to the host.
A host or service's certificate or public key can be added to an application at development time, or it can be added upon first encountering the certificate or public key. The former - adding at development time - is preferred since preloading the certificate or public key out of band usually means the attacker cannot taint the pin. If the certificate or public key is added upon first encounter, you will be using key continuity. Key continuity can fail if the attacker has a privileged position during the first encounter.

Log 2 indicates that the security breach originated from an external source. And the vulnerability that can be associated with this security breach is a buffer overflow that happened when the amount of data written into the buffer exceeded the limit of that particular buffer.

The aggregate is incorrectly calculated as the average classification in this output. An aggregate is the sum of all items.
As high is the highest level, and is present in all three categories, the aggregate should be high, high, high.

Separation of duties requires more than one person to complete a task.

User requirements are used to specify what the USER expects an application or system to do.
In this question, the finance manager has stated what he wants the system to do. Therefore, the answer to this question is `user requirements'.

There is a time aspect to the traffic flood and if you correlate the data analytics with the times that the incidents happened, you will be able to prove the theory.

Return on investment = Net profit / Investment where:Net profit = gross profit expenses. or Return on investment = (gain from investment ?cost of investment) / cost of investment Subscriptions =
5,000 x 12 = 60,000 per annum 10 incidents @ 10,000 = 100.000 per annumreduce by 50% = 50,000 per annum Thus the rate of Return is -10,000 per annum and that makes for -$30,000 after three years.

References:
http://www.financeformulas.net/Return_on_Investment.html

A protocol analyzer can be used to capture and analyze signals and data traffic over a communication channel which makes it ideal for use to assess a company's network from within under the circumstances.
HIDS is used as an intrusion detection system that can monitor and analyze the internal company network especially the dynamic behavior and the state of the computer systems; behavior such as network packets
targeted at that specific host, which programs accesses what resources etc.

Host-based intrusion prevention system (HIPS) is an installed software package that will monitor a single host for suspicious activity by analyzing events taking place within that host.
IEEE 802.11e is deemed to be of significant consequence for delay-sensitive applications, such as Voice over Wireless LAN and streaming multimedia.

A security baseline is the minimum level of security that a system, network, or device must adhere to. It is the initial point of reference for security and the document against which assessments would be done.

The two companies use Active Directory domains for the authentication (plus the TOTP second factor).
The system administrators have configured a trust relationship between the authentication backend. This trust relationship will be an external Active Directory forest/domain trust. With this trust relationship, the AD domain controllers in one domain `trust' the AD domain controllers in the other domain to perform the
authentication. We just need a way of telling the domain controllers which domain the user is from so the authentication can be passed to the appropriate domain controllers. We can do this by logging on with the username format: [email protected]. The `@company.com' part of the username will tell the
domain controllers whether the user account is in the local domain or in the other (trusted) domain. Now that the domain login has been passed to a domain controller in the appropriate domain, the user can complete the authentication by entering their password and their TOTP 6-digit code.

Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is mathematically expressed as: Asset value (AV) x Exposure Factor (EF) SLE = AV x EF = $120 000 x 20% = $ 24,000 (this is over 4 years) Thus ALE = $ 24,000 / 4 = $ 6,000

References:
http://www.financeformulas.net/Return_on_Investment.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessment
Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 5th Edition, Project Management Institute, Inc., Newtown Square, 2013, p. 198 McMillan, Troy and Robin Abernathy, CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner (CASP) CAS-002 Cert Guide, Pearson Education, Indianapolis, 2015, p. 305

If a user has root access, the user can log in with a non-root access account and then use the SU (Switch User) command to perform functions that require root access such as modifying other user's files on the
NAS.
By default, NFS shares change the root user to the nfsnobody user, an unprivileged user account. In this way, all root-created files are owned by nfsnobody, which prevents uploading of programs with the setuid bit set. If no_root_squash is used, remote root users are able to change any file on the shared file system and leave trojaned applications for other users to inadvertently execute.
Some unix programs are called "suid" programs: They set the id of the person running them to whomever is the owner of the file. If a file is owned by root and is suid, then the program will execute as root, so that they can perform operations that only root is allowed to do. Using the nosuid option is a good idea and you should consider using this with all NFS mounted disks. It means that the server's root user cannot make a suid-root program on the file system, log in to the client as a normal user and then use the suid-root program to become root on the client too.

Performing quantitative risk analysis focuses on assessing the probability of risk with a metric measurement which is usually a numerical value based on money or time.

C: Local proxy will work by proxying traffic between the web client and the web server. This is a tool that can be put to good effect in this case.
D: Fuzzing is another form of blackbox testing and works by feeding a program multiple input iterations that are specially written to trigger an internal error that might indicate a bug and crash it.

You have submitted the report to senior management. It could be that the senior management are not that bothered about the HR application or they are just too busy to respond.
This question is asking for the logical next step. The next step should be to inform people that are interested in the HR application about your findings. To ensure that the key human resource application stakeholders fully understand the implications of your findings, you should arrange a face-to-face meeting to discuss your report.

Commercially available software packages are often widely available. Huge companies like Microsoft develop software packages that are widely available and in use on most computers. Most companies that develop commercial software make their software available through many commercial outlets (computer stores, online stores etc). Information concerning vulnerabilities is often kept internal to the company that developed the software. The large companies that develop commercial software packages are accountable for the software. Information concerning vulnerabilities being made available could have a huge financial cost to the company in terms of loss of reputation and lost revenues. Information concerning vulnerabilities is often kept internal to the company at least until a patch is available to fix the vulnerability.

The client-server handshake could not negotiate strong ciphers. This means that the system is not configured to support the strong ciphers provided by later versions of the SSL protocol. For example, if the system is configured to support only SSL version 1.1, then only a weak cipher will be supported.
The client-server handshake is configured with a wrong priority. The client sends a list of SSL versions it supports and priority should be given to the highest version it supports. For example, if the client supports SSL versions 1.1, 2 and 3, then the server should use version 3. If the priority is not configured correctly (if it uses the lowest version) then version 1.1 with its weak algorithm will be used.

Since DDOS attacks can originate from nay different devices and thus makes it harder to defend against, one way to limit the company's contribution to DDOS attacks is to notify customers about any DDOS attack when they run services that are under attack. The company can also block IP sources that are not allocated to customers from the existing SIP's network.

The order in which you should collect evidence is referred to as the Order of volatility. Generally, evidence should be collected from the most volatile to the least volatile. The order of volatility from most volatile to least volatile is as follows: Data in RAM, including CPU cache and recently used data and applications Data in RAM, including system and network processes Swap files (also known as paging files) stored on local disk drives Data stored on local disk drives Logs stored on remote systems Archive media

Data sovereignty is a legal concern where the data is governed by the laws of the country in which the data resides. In this scenario the company does not want the data to fall under the law of the country of the organization to whom back office process has be outsourced to. Therefore we must ensure that data can only be accessed on local servers and no copies are held on computers of the outsource partner. It is important therefore to prevent cut and paste operations.

Privacy concerns can be addressed by ensuring the unauthorized users do not have access to the data.
This can be accomplished though user access auditing, which needs to be reviewed on an ongoing basis;
and source IP whitelisting, which is a list of IP addresses that are explicitly allowed access to the system.

There is large overlap between the configuration checks and security controls governing each set of standards (government standards and industry security standards). In other words, different sets of standards have many of the same requirements. A baseline implemented across the company that meets the overlapping requirements would meet the requirements of both sets of standards without the need for duplicate checks and controls. Therefore, you should create a policy specifying best practice security standards along with the baseline.

A Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) virtual private network (VPN) would provide the network administrator who requires remote access a secure and reliable method of accessing the system over the Internet. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) standards for federation will provide cross-web service authentication and authorization.

The annualized loss expectancy (ALE) is the product of the annual rate of occurrence (ARO) and the single loss expectancy (SLE). It is mathematically expressed as: ALE = ARO x SLE Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is mathematically expressed as: Asset value (AV) x Exposure Factor (EF) SLE = AV x EF - Thus the Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) = ALE/ARO = $15,000 / 2 = $ 7,500

References:
http://www.financeformulas.net/Return_on_Investment.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessment

Security controls can never be run 100% effective and is mainly observed as a risk mitigation strategy thus the gaps should be explained to all stakeholders and managed accordingly.

The attack in this question is an XSS (Cross Site Scripting) attack. We can prevent this attack by using a
Web Application Firewall.
A WAF (Web Application Firewall) protects a Web application by controlling its input and output and the access to and from the application. Running as an appliance, server plug-in or cloud-based service, a WAF inspects every HTML, HTTPS, SOAP and XML-RPC data packet. Through customizable inspection,
it is able to prevent attacks such as XSS, SQL injection, session hijacking and buffer overflows, which network firewalls and intrusion detection systems are often not capable of doing. A WAF is also able to detect and prevent new unknown attacks by watching for unfamiliar patterns in the traffic data. A WAF can be either network-based or host-based and is typically deployed through a proxy and placed in front of one or more Web applications. In real time or near-real time, it monitors traffic before it reaches the Web application, analyzing all requests using a rule base to filter out potentially harmful traffic or traffic patterns.
Web application firewalls are a common security control used by enterprises to protect Web applications against zero-day exploits, impersonation and known vulnerabilities and attackers.

In this question, we have multiple operating system installations on a single disk. Some operating systems store their boot loader in the MBR of the disk. However, some operating systems install their boot loader outside the MBR especially when multiple operating systems are installed. We need to encrypt as much data as possible but we cannot encrypt the boot loaders. This would prevent the operating systems from loading. Therefore, the solution is to encrypt each individual partition separately.

Good preventive security practices are a must. These include installing and keeping firewall policies carefully matched to business and application needs, keeping antivirus software updated, blocking potentially harmful file attachments and keeping all systems patched against known vulnerabilities.
Vulnerability scans are a good means of measuring the effectiveness of preventive procedures. Real-time protection: Deploy inline intrusion-prevention systems (IPS) that offer comprehensive protection. When considering an IPS, seek the following capabilities: network-level protection, application integrity checking, application protocol Request for Comment (RFC) validation, content validation and forensics capability. In this case it would be behavior-based IPS with a communication link to a cloud-based vulnerability and threat feed.