A. An organization has decided to release the software even though some minor bugs have not been fixed yet B. An organization has implemented a data loss protection software C. An organization terminates work in the construction site during a severe storm
A. An organization has decided to release the software even though some minor bugs have not been fixed yet explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer, risk retention is one of the four risk treatment options that an organization can choose to deal with unacceptable risks. Risk retention means that the organization accepts the risk without taking any action to reduce its likelihood or impact. It applies to risks that are either too costly or impractical to address, or that have a low probability or impact. Therefore, an example of risk retention is when an organization decides to release the software even though some minor bugs have not been fixed yet. This implies that the organization has assessed the risk of releasing the software with bugs and has determined that it is acceptable, either because the bugs are not critical or because the cost of fixing them would outweigh the benefits. References: ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study guide and documents, section 8.3.2 Risk treatment ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 14, Risk management process3, ISO 27001: Top risk treatment options and controls explained
Question 2:
An organization has adopted a new authentication method to ensure secure access to sensitive areas and facilities of the company. It requires every employee to use a two-factor authentication (password and QR code). This control has been documented, standardized, and communicated to all employees, however its use has been "left to individual initiative, and it is likely that failures can be detected. Which level of maturity does this control refer to?
A. Optimized B. Defined C. Quantitatively managed
B. Defined explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer objectives and content, the maturity levels of information security controls are based on the ISO/IEC 15504 standard, which defines five levels of process capability: incomplete,
performed, managed, established, and optimized1. Each level has a set of attributes that describe the characteristics of the process at that level. The level of defined corresponds to the attribute of process performance, which means that the
process achieves its expected outcomes2. In this case, the control of two-factor authentication has been documented, standardized, and communicated, which implies that it has a clear purpose and expected outcomes. However, the control
is not consistently implemented, monitored, or measured, which means that it does not meet the attributes of the higher levels of managed, established, or optimized. Therefore, the control is at the level of defined, which is the second level of
maturity.
References:
1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Brochure, page 5
2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Presentation, slide 25
Question 3:
Scenario 2: Beauty is a cosmetics company that has recently switched to an e-commerce model, leaving the traditional retail. The top management has decided to build their own custom platform in-house and outsource the payment process to an external provider operating online payments systems that support online money transfers.
Due to this transformation of the business model, a number of security controls were implemented based on the identified threats and vulnerabilities associated to critical assets. To protect customers' information. Beauty's employees had to sign a confidentiality agreement. In addition, the company reviewed all user access rights so that only authorized personnel can have access to sensitive files and drafted a new segregation of duties chart.
However, the transition was difficult for the IT team, who had to deal with a security incident not long after transitioning to the e commerce model. After investigating the incident, the team concluded that due to the out-of-date anti-malware software, an attacker gamed access to their files and exposed customers' information, including their names and home addresses.
The IT team decided to stop using the old anti-malware software and install a new one which would automatically remove malicious code in case of similar incidents. The new software was installed in every workstation within the company. After installing the new software, the team updated it with the latest malware definitions and enabled the automatic update feature to keep it up to date at all times. Additionally, they established an authentication process that requires a user identification and password when accessing sensitive information.
In addition, Beauty conducted a number of information security awareness sessions for the IT team and other employees that have access to confidential information in order to raise awareness on the importance of system and network security.
Which statement below suggests that Beauty has implemented a managerial control that helps avoid the occurrence of incidents? Refer to scenario 2.
A. Beauty's employees signed a confidentiality agreement B. Beauty conducted a number of information security awareness sessions for the IT team and other employees that have access to confidential information C. Beauty updated the segregation of duties chart
B. Beauty conducted a number of information security awareness sessions for the IT team and other employees that have access to confidential information explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Managerial controls are administrative actions that are designed to prevent or reduce the likelihood of security incidents by influencing human behavior. They include policies, procedures, guidelines, standards, training, and awareness
programs. In scenario 2, Beauty has implemented a managerial control by conducting information security awareness sessions for the IT team and other employees that have access to confidential information. These sessions aim to educate
the staff on the importance of system and network security, the potential threats and vulnerabilities, and the best practices to follow to avoid the occurrence of incidents. By raising the level of awareness and knowledge of the employees,
Beauty can reduce the human errors and negligence that might compromise the security of the information assets.
References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Content, Module 7:
Implementation of an ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001:20221; ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection, Clause 7.2: Competence2; ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of practice for information security controls,
Clause 7.2.2:
Information security awareness, education and training3
Question 4:
Scenario 7: InfoSec is a multinational corporation headquartered in Boston, MA, which provides professional electronics, gaming, and entertainment services. After facing numerous information security incidents, InfoSec has decided to establish teams and implement measures to prevent potential incidents in the future
Emma, Bob. and Anna were hired as the new members of InfoSec's information security team, which consists of a security architecture team, an incident response team (IRT) and a forensics team Emma's job is to create information security plans, policies, protocols, and training to prepare InfoSec to respond to incidents effectively Emma and Bob would be full- time employees of InfoSec, whereas Anna was contracted as an external consultant.
Bob, a network expert, will deploy a screened subnet network architecture This architecture will isolate the demilitarized zone (OMZ) to which hosted public services are attached and InfoSec's publicly accessible resources from their private network Thus, InfoSec will be able to block potential attackers from causing unwanted events inside the company's network. Bob is also responsible for ensuring that a thorough evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event is conducted, including the details on how the event happened and what or whom it might affect.
Anna will create records of the data, reviews, analysis, and reports in order to keep evidence for the purpose of disciplinary and legal action, and use them to prevent future incidents. To do the work accordingly, she should be aware of the company's information security incident management policy beforehand
Among others, this policy specifies the type of records to be created, the place where they should be kept, and the format and content that specific record types should have.
Based on scenario 7, what should Anna be aware of when gathering data?
A. The use of the buffer zone that blocks potential attacks coming from malicious websites where data can be collected B. The type of data that helps prevent future occurrences of information security incidents C. The collection and preservation of records
C. The collection and preservation of records explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 standard, information security incident management is the process of ensuring a consistent and effective approach to the management of information security incidents, events and weaknesses. One of the objectives of this process is to collect and preserve evidence that can be used for disciplinary and legal action, as well as for learning and improvement. Therefore, Anna should be aware of the collection and preservation of records when gathering data for the forensics team. She should follow the information security incident management policy of InfoSec, which specifies the type, format, content and location of the records to be created and maintained. She should also ensure that the records are protected from unauthorized access, modification, deletion or disclosure, and that they are retained for an appropriate period of time. References: ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements, Clause 16.1.7, Collection of evidence ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection -- Information security management systems -- Requirements, Annex A.16.1.7, Collection of evidence ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study Guide, Chapter 9, Information security incident management
Question 5:
Which of the situations below can negatively affect the internal audit process?
A. Restricting the internal auditor's access to offices and documentation B. Conducting internal audit interviews with all employees of the organization C. Reporting the internal audit results to the top management
A. Restricting the internal auditor's access to offices and documentation explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer course, one of the factors that can negatively affect the internal audit process is the lack of cooperation from the auditees, which can manifest as restricting the internal auditor's access to offices and documentation1. This can hinder the auditor's ability to collect sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, verify the conformity of the information security management system (ISMS) with the audit criteria, and identify any nonconformities or opportunities for improvement2. Therefore, the auditees should be informed of the audit objectives, scope, criteria, and schedule in advance, and should provide the auditor with all the necessary information and resources to conduct the audit effectively3. References: 1: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Internal Audit, slide 22 2: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Internal Audit, slide 23 3: PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Internal Audit, slide 24
Question 6:
Scenario 3: Socket Inc is a telecommunications company offering mainly wireless products and services. It uses MongoDB. a document model database that offers high availability, scalability, and flexibility.
Last month, Socket Inc. reported an information security incident. A group of hackers compromised its MongoDB database, because the database administrators did not change its default settings, leaving it without a password and publicly accessible.
Fortunately. Socket Inc. performed regular information backups in their MongoDB database, so no information was lost during the incident. In addition, a syslog server allowed Socket Inc. to centralize all logs in one server. The company found out that no persistent backdoor was placed and that the attack was not initiated from an employee inside the company by reviewing the event logs that record user faults and exceptions.
To prevent similar incidents in the future, Socket Inc. decided to use an access control system that grants access to authorized personnel only. The company also implemented a control in order to define and implement rules for the effective use of cryptography, including cryptographic key management, to protect the database from unauthorized access The implementation was based on all relevant agreements, legislation, and regulations, and the information classification scheme. To improve security and reduce the administrative efforts, network segregation using VPNs was proposed.
Lastly, Socket Inc. implemented a new system to maintain, collect, and analyze information related to information security threats, and integrate information security into project management.
Socket Inc. has implemented a control for the effective use of cryptography and cryptographic key management. Is this compliant with ISO/IEC 27001' Refer to scenario 3.
A. No, the control should be implemented only for defining rules for cryptographic key management B. Yes, the control for the effective use of the cryptography can include cryptographic key management C. No, because the standard provides a separate control for cryptographic key management
B. Yes, the control for the effective use of the cryptography can include cryptographic key management explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.8.24, the control for the effective use of cryptography is intended to ensure proper and effective use of cryptography to protect the confidentiality, authenticity, and/or integrity of information. This control can include cryptographic key management, which is the process of generating, distributing, storing, using, and destroying cryptographic keys in a secure manner. Cryptographic key management is essential for ensuring the security and functionality of cryptographic solutions, such as encryption, digital signatures, or authentication. The standard provides the following guidance for implementing this control: A policy on the use of cryptographic controls should be developed and implemented. The policy should define the circumstances and conditions in which the different types of cryptographic controls should be used, based on the information classification scheme, the relevant agreements, legislation, and regulations, and the assessed risks. The policy should also define the standards and techniques to be used for each type of cryptographic control, such as the algorithms, key lengths, key formats, and key lifecycles. The policy should be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect the changes in the technology, the business environment, and the legal requirements. The cryptographic keys should be managed through their whole lifecycle, from generation to destruction, in a secure and controlled manner, following the principles of need-to-know and segregation of duties. The cryptographic keys should be protected from unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, loss, or theft, using appropriate physical and logical security measures, such as encryption, access control, backup, and audit. The cryptographic keys should be changed or replaced periodically, or when there is a suspicion of compromise, following a defined process that ensures the continuity of the cryptographic services and the availability of the information. The cryptographic keys should be securely destroyed when they are no longer required, or when they reach their end of life, using methods that prevent their recovery or reconstruction. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Guide1 ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit2 ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security Management Systems - Requirements3 ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of Practice for Information Security Controls4 Understanding Cryptographic Controls in Information Security5
Question 7:
Scenario 4: TradeB. a commercial bank that has just entered the market, accepts deposits from its clients and offers basic financial services and loans for investments. TradeB has decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on ISO/IEC 27001 Having no experience of a management [^system implementation, TradeB's top management contracted two experts to direct and manage the ISMS implementation project.
First, the project team analyzed the 93 controls of ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A and listed only the security controls deemed applicable to the company and their objectives Based on this analysis, they drafted the Statement of Applicability. Afterward, they conducted a risk assessment, during which they identified assets, such as hardware, software, and networks, as well as threats and vulnerabilities, assessed potential consequences and likelihood, and determined the level of risks based on three nonnumerical categories (low, medium, and high). They evaluated the risks based on the risk evaluation criteria and decided to treat only the high risk category They also decided to focus primarily on the unauthorized use of administrator rights and system interruptions due to several hardware failures by establishing a new version of the access control policy, implementing controls to manage and control user access, and implementing a control for ICT readiness for business continuity
Lastly, they drafted a risk assessment report, in which they wrote that if after the implementation of these security controls the level of risk is below the acceptable level, the risks will be accepted
Based on scenario 4, what type of assets were identified during risk assessment?
A. Supporting assets B. Primary assets C. Business assets
A. Supporting assets explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to ISO/IEC 27005:2021, there are three types of assets in information security risk management: primary assets, supporting assets, and business assets. Primary assets are the information and business processes that support the organization's objectives and operations. Supporting assets are the resources that enable the primary assets to function, such as hardware, software, networks, people, facilities, etc. Business assets are the outcomes or benefits that the organization expects from the primary assets, such as reputation, market share, customer satisfaction, etc. (Must be taken from ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer resources) In scenario 4, the assets that were identified during risk assessment are hardware, software, and networks, which are examples of supporting assets. These assets are necessary for the information and business processes of TradeB to operate, but they are not the main focus of the risk assessment. The risk assessment should also consider the primary assets and the business assets, as well as the threats and vulnerabilities that affect them, and the potential impacts and likelihood of information security incidents. References: ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study guide and documents, specifically: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.1.2 Information security risk assessment ISO/IEC 27005:2021, clause 5.2 Asset identification and valuation PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 6: Risk Management
Question 8:
Which option below should be addressed in an information security policy?
A. Actions to be performed after an information security incident B. Legal and regulatory obligations imposed upon the organization C. The complexity of information security processes and their interactions
B. Legal and regulatory obligations imposed upon the organization explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, an information security policy is a high-level document that defines the management approach and objectives for information security within the organization. It should include, among other things, the legal and regulatory obligations imposed upon the organization, such as compliance with laws, contracts, agreements, and standards that are relevant to information security. The information security policy should also provide the basis for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving the information security management system (ISMS).
References:
ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 5.2 Policy
ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Clause 5.1 Policies for information security PECB
ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 3: Information Security Management System (ISMS)
Question 9:
Scenario 10: NetworkFuse develops, manufactures, and sells network hardware. The company has had an operational information security management system (ISMS) based on ISO/IEC 27001 requirements and a quality management system (QMS) based on ISO 9001 for approximately two years. Recently, it has applied for a j^ombined certification audit in order to obtain certification against ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO 9001.
After selecting the certification body, NetworkFuse prepared the employees for the audit The company decided to not conduct a self-evaluation before the audit since, according to the top management, it was not necessary. In addition, it ensured the availability of documented information, including internal audit reports and management reviews, technologies in place, and the general operations of the ISMS and the QMS. However, the company requested from the certification body that the documentation could not be carried off-site
However, the audit was not performed within the scheduled days because NetworkFuse rejected the audit team leader assigned and requested their replacement The company asserted that the same audit team leader issued a recommendation for certification to its main competitor, which, for the company's top management, was a potential conflict of interest. The request was not accepted by the certification body
According to scenario 10, NetworkFuse requested from the certification body to review all the documentation only on-site. Is this acceptable?
A. Yes, the auditee may request that the review of the documentation takes place on-site B. Yes, only if a confidentiality agreement is formerly signed by the audit team C. No, the certification body decides whether the documentation review takes place on-site or off-site
C. No, the certification body decides whether the documentation review takes place on-site or off-site explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, the certification body is responsible for planning and conducting the audit, including the review of the documented information. The certification body may decide to review the documentation on-site or off- site, depending on the audit objectives, scope, criteria, and risks. The auditee may not impose any restrictions on the access to the documentation, unless there are valid reasons for confidentiality or security. However, such restrictions should be agreed upon before the audit and should not compromise the effectiveness and impartiality of the audit. References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 9.2.2 ISO/IEC 27006:2021, clause 7.1.4
Question 10:
Scenario 6: Skyver offers worldwide shipping of electronic products, including gaming consoles, flat-screen TVs. computers, and printers. In order to ensure information security, the company has decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001.
Colin, the company's best information security expert, decided to hold a training and awareness session for the personnel of the company regarding the information security challenges and other information security-related controls. The session included topics such as Skyver's information security approaches and techniques for mitigating phishing and malware.
One of the participants in the session is Lisa, who works in the HR Department. Although Colin explains the existing Skyver's information security policies and procedures in an honest and fair manner, she finds some of the issues being discussed too technical and does not fully understand the session. Therefore, in a lot of cases, she requests additional help from the trainer and her colleagues
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
How should Colin have handled the situation with Lisa?
A. Extend the duration of the training and awareness session in order to be able to achieve better results B. Promise Lisa that future training and awareness sessions will be easily understandable C. Deliver training and awareness sessions for employees with the same level of competence needs based on the activities they perform within the company
C. Deliver training and awareness sessions for employees with the same level of competence needs based on the activities they perform within the company explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, the organization should determine the necessary competence of persons doing work under its control that affects the performance and effectiveness of the ISMS. The organization should also
ensure that these persons are aware of the information security policy, their contribution to the effectiveness of the ISMS, the implications of not conforming with the ISMS requirements, and the benefits of improved information security
performance. The organization should also provide information security awareness, education, and training to all employees and, where relevant, contractors and third-party users, as relevant for their job function. The awareness, education,
and training programs should be planned, implemented, and maintained according to the needs of the organization and the results of the risk assessment and risk treatment.
Therefore, Colin should have handled the situation with Lisa by delivering training and awareness sessions for employees with the same level of competence needs based on the activities they perform within the company. This would ensure
that the content and the language of the sessions are appropriate and understandable for the target audience, and that the sessions are effective and efficient in achieving the desired learning outcomes. By doing so, Colin would also avoid
wasting time and resources on delivering sessions that are too technical or too basic for some employees, and that do not address their specific information security challenges and responsibilities.
References:
ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Clause 7.2 Competence and Clause 7.3 Awareness ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Clause 7.2.2 Information security awareness, education and training
PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 4: Leadership, Commitment, and Support of Top Management.
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