One reason researchers have long believed that Mars never enjoyed an extensive period of warm and wet climate is that much of the surface not covered by wind-borne dust appears to be composed of unweathered material If water flowed for an extended period, researchers reasoned, it should have altered and weathered the volcanic minerals, creating clays or other oxidized, hydrated phases (minerals that incorporate water molecules in their crystal structure).
It turns out. though, that the scientists were not looking closely enough. New high- resolution mapping data and close-up surface studies have revealed clays and other hydrated minerals in many regions The clay deposits are scattered all over, in ancient volcanic surfaces and heavily cratered highland regions, some of which have apparently been exposed by erosion only recently.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which of the following statements regarding the reasoning discussed in the highlighted sentence?
A. It is based on an underestimation of the extent to which flowing water would alter volcanic materials on Mars
B. It provides the basis for an explanation of why water on Mars has been difficult to find until recently
C. It correctly identifies a consequence of water flowing on the Martian surface.
D. It results in a new understanding of how water and volcanic materials interact on Mars.
E. It fails to take into account the impact of wind-borne dust on the Martian surface
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, during the period of the American Revolution and the early republic, political poems appeared regularly in newspapers and pamphlets. commenting on the issues and controversies engaging the new nation. Given the sheer number of poems that engaged explicitly with politics, one might wonder why the form has remained largely ignored by scholars of early American literature even as many other once obscure forms-sentimental novels, diaries, travelogues, belles letters--have enjoyed unprecedented scholarly interest in recent decades. Part of the reason may stem from frustrations involved with reading poems that are so highly topical--often requiring, even as a condition of first-level comprehension, a familiarity with names and references that, while wholly recognizable in their own time, are obscure to modem readers. Yet beyond this is the fact that American political verse from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has never fully shaken off the verdict, delivered by its earliest generation of scholarly readers. that it is simply unworthy of serious attention as literature. Even the term commonly used to describe it--"verse." as opposed to "poetry"-- suggests an occasional or forgettable, rather than enduring, form of expression, not quite deserving the designation of poetry. Nor was such verse considered by early critics as worthy of the designation "American." as the tendency of eighteenth-century American poets to model their works on those of British precursors suggested an unforgivable failure, as one critic described it. to declare their "literary independence" from Britain.
Though_________in his musical expression, the American jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus
eventually developed a personal voice that proved to be much more than a simple mixture of jazz styles.
A. eclectic
B. idiosyncratic
C. uncompromising
D. virtuosic
E. wide-ranging
F. relentless
Sensationalism--the purveyance of emotionally charged content. focused mainly on violent crime, to a broad public--has often been decried, but the full history of the phenomenon has yet to be written. Scholars have tended to dismiss sensationalism as unworthy of serious study, based on two pervasive though somewhat incompatible assumptions: first, that sensationalism is essentially a commercial product, built on the exploitation of modern mass media, and second, that it appeals almost entirely to a simple, basic emotion and thus has little history apart from the changing technological means of spreading it. An exploration of sensationalism's early history, however, challenges both assumptions and suggests that they have tended to obscure the complexity and historicity of the genre.
In the context in which it appears, "charged" most nearly means A. electrified
B. accused
C. attacked
D. fraught
E. admonished
Birds that prey on sage grouse generally hunt by circling over sagebrush and pouncing on sage grouse that come out into the open. Where there are power lines, however, these predators often survey the ground while sitting on the power lines. Although the area they can survey is smaller, predators sitting on power lines are more likely to catch sage grouse than are predators circling in the air. because_________,
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. explain why certain scientists rejected a particular hypothesis
B. show how a conventional theory was weakened by a new discovery
C. discuss a shift in an approach to explaining a natural phenomenon
D. account for the widespread influence of a scientific theory
E. trace the origins of a scientific dispute
Though most physicists claim that the standard model of panicle physics is wrong, some prefer to say that the theory is_________: it succeeds in answering certain questions but has nothing to say about others.
A. inconsistent
B. effective
C. incomplete
D. sound
E. limited
F. valid
Her tendency toward_________made her willingness to step up and lead the turbulent group all the more impressive.
A. guilelessness
B. diffidence
C. forbearance
D. rectitude
E. assiduousness
Despite the general_________of Roman archaeological studies toward the major cities and their
monuments, archaeology has contributed much to a better understanding of rural developments in Roman territory.
A. openness
B. indifference
C. hostility
D. animus
E. bias
F. orientation
W.E.
B. Du Bois's exhibit of African American history and culture at the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle attracted the attention of a world of sociological scholarship whose values his work challenged. Du Bois believed that sociological sociologists failed in their attempts to gain greater understanding of human deeds because their work examined not deeds but theories and because they gathered data not to effect social progress but merely to theorize. In his exhibit. Du Bois sought to present cultural artifacts that would shift the focus of sociology from the construction of vast generalizations to die observation of particular. living individual elements of society and the working contributions of individual people to a vast functioning social structure. The passage implies that Du Bois attributed which of the following beliefs to Spencerian sociologists?
A.
Theorizing is important to the understanding of human actions.
B.
Vast generalizations have limited value.
C.
Data gathering is a relatively unimportant part of sociological research.
D.
Sociology should focus on the living elements of society rather than cultural artifacts.
E.
Particulars are more important than universals.
The highly dispersed nature of Panzaleo pottery throughout present-day Ecuador has led archaeologists to speculate about the pottery's origins and significance. Jijon y Caamano attributed the pottery's distribution to trade, and based on the large quantities of pottery recovered in the Ambato-Latacunga region of the central Ecuadorian highlands, he proposed that region as the probable locus of production. However. Porras suggests that inhabitants of the subtropical eastern Andean slopes, or montaria. were the original producers of Panzaleo. Ponas" theory involves the forced migration of the montaria population from then homeland in the Quijos River valley into the Ecuadorian highlands. The gradual exodus and ensuing dispersal of the makers of this ware could account for the diffuse distribution of the materials.
It can be inferred from the passage that Jijon y Caamano would probably agree with which of the following statements about the distribution of Panzaleo pottery throughout Ecuador?
A. This distribution is not primarily the result of the relocation of the original makers of the pottery
B. This distribution originally took place over a relatively short period of time.
C. This distribution could not have occurred without the forced migration of certain peoples
D. This distribution was largely limited to the Ambato-Latacunga region.
E. This distribution indicates that the Ambato-Latacunga region was known primarily as a trading center
Recent research has identified_________bats' navigational tool, echolocation: smooth, vertical surfaces
such as the metal or glass plates on buildings can trick a bat into thinking it is flying in open air.
A. an explanation for
B. a limitation of
C. a principle of
D. a symptom of
E. a deficiency in
F. a component of
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