Free 312-38 Exam Dumps Preview

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a Network layer protocol used to obtain an IP address for a given hardware (MAC) address. RARP is sort of the reverse of an ARP. Common protocols that use RARP are BOOTP and DHCP. Answer option D is incorrect. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network maintenance protocol of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is responsible for the resolution of IP addresses to media access control (MAC) addresses of a network interface card (NIC). The ARP cache is used to maintain a correlation between a MAC address and its corresponding IP address. ARP provides the protocol rules for making this correlation and providing address conversion in both directions.
ARP is limited to physical network systems that support broadcast packets.
Answer option B is incorrect. Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) is a family of multicast routing protocols for Internet Protocol (IP) networks that provide one-to-many and many-to-many distribution of data over a LAN, WAN, or the Internet. It is termed protocol-independent because PIM does not include its own topology discovery mechanism, but instead uses routing information supplied by other traditional routing protocols, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Answer
option A is incorrect. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched inter-network using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP. IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, the Internet Protocol defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation. The first major version of addressing structure, now referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), is being deployed actively worldwide.

SMTP relay feature of e-mail servers allows them to forward e-mail to other e-mail servers. Unfortunately, this feature is exploited by spammers and worms to generate spam on the Internet.

Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) is one of the forms of acknowledgment. With selective acknowledgments, the sender can be informed by a data receiver about all segments that have arrived successfully, so the sender retransmits only those segments that have actually been lost. The selective acknowledgment extension uses two TCP options: The first is an enabling option, "SACK-permitted", which may be sent in a SYN segment to indicate that the SACK option can be used once the connection is established. The other is the SACK option itself, which can be sent over an established connection once permission has been given by "SACK-permitted". Answer option A is incorrect. Block Acknowledgment (BA) was initially defined in IEEE 802.11e as an optional scheme to improve the MAC efficiency. IEEE 802.11n capable devices are also referred to as High Throughput (HT) devices. Instead of transmitting an individual ACK for every MPDU, multiple MPDUs can be acknowledged together using a single BA frame. Block Ack (BA) contains bitmap size of 64*16 bits. Each bit of this bitmap represents the status (success/ failure) of an MPDU.
Answer option B is incorrect. With Negative Acknowledgment, the receiver explicitly notifies the sender which packets, messages, or segments were received incorrectly that may need to be retransmitted.
Answer option C is incorrect. With Cumulative Acknowledgment, the receiver acknowledges that it has correctly received a packet, message, or segment in a stream which implicitly informs the sender that the previous packets were received correctly. TCP uses cumulative acknowledgment with its TCP sliding window.

User EXEC is one of the router configuration modes that changes terminal settings on a temporary basis, performs basic tests, and lists system information.
Answer option C is incorrect. Privileged EXEC sets operating parameters.
Answer option A is incorrect. Global Config modifies configuration that affects the system as a whole.
Answer option B is incorrect. Interface Config modifies the operation of an interface.

Explanation: A firewall is a set of related programs configured to protect private networks connected to the Internet from intrusion. It is used to regulate the network traffic between different computer networks. It permits or denies the transmission of a network packet to its destination based on a set of rules. A firewall is often installed on a separate computer so that an incoming packet does not get into the network directly.

Honeyd is a powerful and low-interaction open source honeypot. It was released by Niels Provos in 2002.
It was written in C and designed for Unix platforms. It introduced a variety of new concepts, including the ability to monitor millions of unused IPs, IP stack spoofing, etc. It can also simulate hundreds of operating systems and monitor all UDP and TCP-based ports.

The chief objective of a disaster recovery plan is to provide a planned way to make decisions if a disruptive event occurs. The reason behind the disaster recovery plan test is to find flaws in the plan. Every plan has
some weak points. After the test has been conducted, all parties are informed of the results and the plan is updated to reflect the new information.

Cost-benefit analysis is a process by which business decisions are analyzed. It is used to estimate and total up the equivalent money value of the benefits and costs to the community of projects for establishing whether they are worthwhile. It is a term that refers both to:
helping to appraise, or assess, the case for a project, program, or policy proposal;
an approach to making economic decisions of any kind. Under both definitions, the process involves, whether explicitly or implicitly, weighing the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of one or more actions in order to choose the best or most profitable option. The formal process is often referred to as either CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) or BCA (Benefit-Cost Analysis). Answer option A is incorrect.
Business Continuity Planning (BCP) is the creation and validation of a practiced logistical plan that defines how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical (urgent) functions within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption. The logistical plan is called a Business Continuity Plan.
Answer option C is incorrect. Disaster recovery is the process, policies, and procedures related to preparing for recovery or continuation of technology infrastructure critical to an organization after a natural or human-induced disaster. Disaster recovery planning is a subset of a larger process known as business continuity planning and should include planning for resumption of applications, data, hardware, communications (such as networking) and other IT infrastructure. A business continuity plan (BCP) includes planning for non-IT related aspects such as key personnel, facilities, crisis communication and reputation protection, and should refer to the disaster recovery plan (DRP) for IT related infrastructure recovery / continuity.

A Media gateway is a translation device or service that converts digital media streams between disparate telecommunications networks such as PSTN, SS7, Next Generation Networks (2G, 2.5G and 3G radio access networks) or PBX. Media gateways enable multimedia communications across Next Generation Networks over multiple transport protocols such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Internet Protocol (IP). Because the media gateway connects different types of networks, one of its main functions is to convert between different transmission and coding techniques. Media streaming functions such as echo cancellation, DTMF, and tone sender are also located in the media gateway. Media gateways are often controlled by a separate Media Gateway Controller, which provides the call control and signaling functionality.

A dynamic packet-filtering firewall is a fourth generation firewall technology. It is also known as a stateful firewall. It tracks the state of active connections and determines which network packets are allowed to enter through the firewall. It records session information, such as IP addresses and port numbers to implement a more secure network. The dynamic packet-filtering firewall operates at Layer3, Layer4, and Layer5. Answer option A is incorrect. A circuit-level gateway is a type of firewall that works at the session layer of the OSI model between the application layer and the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack. They monitor TCP handshaking between packets to determine whether a requested session is legitimate.
Information passed to a remote computer through a circuit level gateway appears to have originated from the gateway. This is useful for hiding information about protected networks. Circuit-level gateways are relatively inexpensive and have the advantage of hiding information about the private network they protect.
Answer option C is incorrect. A proxy server firewall intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.

The transport layer ensures that messages are delivered in the order in which they are sent and that there is no loss or duplication. Transport layer maintains data integrity. Answer option C is incorrect. The Internet Layer of the TCP/IP model solves the problem of sending packets across one or more networks.
Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing. IP can carry data for a number of different upper layer protocols.
Answer option B is incorrect. The Link Layer of TCP/IP model is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. As a result, TCP/IP has been implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology in existence. The Link Layer is used to move packets between the Internet Layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card, as well as on firmware or specialized chipsets. Answer
option D is incorrect. The Application Layer of TCP/IP model refers to the higher-level protocols used by most applications for network communication.
Examples of application layer protocols include the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Data coded according to application layer protocols are then encapsulated into one or more transport layer protocols, which in turn use lower layer protocols to affect actual data transfer.

Business Continuity Management is a management process that determines potential impacts that are likely to threaten an organization. It provides a framework for promoting quick recovery and the capability for an effective response to protect the interests of its brand, reputation, and stakeholders. Business continuity management includes disaster recovery, business recovery, crisis management, incident
management, emergency management, product recall, contingency planning, etc.
Answer option D is incorrect. Patch management is an area of systems management that involves acquiring, testing, and installing multiple patches (code changes) to an administered computer system.
Patch management includes the following tasks: Maintaining current knowledge of available patches Deciding what patches are appropriate for particular systems Ensuring that patches are installed properly Testing systems after installation, and documenting all associated procedures, such as specific configurations requiredA number of products are available to automate patch management tasks, including RingMaster's Automated Patch Management, PatchLink Update, and Gibraltar's Everguard.
Answer option A is incorrect. This option is invalid.
Answer option B is incorrect. Incident handling is the process of managing incidents in an Enterprise, Business, or an Organization. It involves the thinking of the prospective suitable to the enterprise and then the implementation of the prospective in a clean and manageable manner. It involves completing the incident report and presenting the conclusion to the management and providing ways to improve the process both from a technical and administrative aspect. Incident handling ensures that the overall process of an enterprise runs in an uninterrupted continuity.

Eve is using Replay attack. A replay attack is a type of attack in which attackers capture packets containing passwords or digital signatures whenever packets pass between two hosts on a network. In an attempt to obtain an authenticated connection, the attackers then resend the captured packet to the system. In this type of attack, the attacker does not know the actual password, but can simply replay the captured packet. Session tokens can be used to avoid replay attacks. Bob sends a one-time token to Alice, which Alice uses to transform the password and send the result to Bob (e.g. computing a hash function of the session token appended to the password). On his side Bob performs the same computation; if and only
if both values match, the login is successful. Now suppose Mallory has captured this value and tries to use it on another session; Bob sends a different session token, and when Mallory replies with the captured
value it will be different from Bob's computation.
Answer option C is incorrect. In the cross site scripting attack, an attacker tricks the user's computer into running code, which is treated as trustworthy because it appears to belong to the server, allowing the attacker to obtain a copy of the cookie or perform other operations.
Answer option B is incorrect. Firewalking is a technique for gathering information about a remote network protected by a firewall. This technique can be used effectively to perform information gathering attacks. In this technique, an attacker sends a crafted packet with a TTL value that is set to expire one hop past the firewall.
Answer option D is incorrect. In session fixation, an attacker sets a user's session id to one known to him, for example by sending the user an email with a link that contains a particular session id. The attacker now only has to wait until the user logs in.

The Link Layer of TCP/IP model is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. As a result, TCP/IP has been implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology in existence. The Link Layer is used to move packets between the Internet Layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card, as well as on firmware or specialized chipsets. Answer option B is incorrect. The Internet Layer of the TCP/IP model solves the problem of sending packets across one or more networks. Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing. IP can carry data for a number of
different upper layer protocols.
Answer option D is incorrect. The Transport Layer of TCP/IP model is responsible for end-to-end message transfer capabilities independent of the underlying network, along with error control, segmentation, flow control, congestion control, and application addressing (port numbers). End to end message transmission or connecting applications at the transport layer can be categorized as either connection-oriented, implemented in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), or connectionless, implemented in User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Answer option is incorrect. The Application Layer of TCP/IP model refers to the higher-level protocols used by most applications for network communication. Examples of application layer protocols include the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Data coded according to application layer protocols are then encapsulated into one or more transport layer protocols, which in turn use lower layer protocols to affect actual data transfer.

A short haul modem is a device that provides local communication between the datalogger and a computer with an RS-232 serial port. It transmits data up to 6.5 miles over a four-wire unconditioned line (two twisted pairs). Answer option B is incorrect. An optical modem is a device that is used for converting a computer's electronic signals into optical signals for transmission over optical fiber. It also converts optical signals from an optical fiber cable back into electronic signals. It provides higher data transmission rates because it uses extremely high capacity of the optical fiber cable for transmitting data. Answer
option C is incorrect.
An acoustic modem provides wireless communication under water. The optimum performance of a wireless acoustic modem system depends upon the speed of sound, water depth, existence of thermocline zones, ambient noise, and seasonal change.
Answer option A is incorrect. A controllerless modem is a hardware-based modem that does not have the physical communications port controller circuitry. It is also known as WinModem or software modem. A controllerless modem is very inexpensive and can easily be upgraded with new software.

Delphi technique, expert judgment, and function point analysis are used as a cost estimating technique during the project planning stage. Delphi is a technique to identify potential risk. In this technique, the responses are gathered via a questionnaire from different experts and their inputs are organized according to their contents. The collected responses are sent back to these experts for further input, addition, and comments. The final list of risks in the project is prepared after that. The participants in this technique are anonymous and therefore it helps prevent a person from unduly influencing the others in the group. The Delphi technique helps in reaching the consensus quickly. Expert judgment is a technique based on a set of criteria that has been acquired in a specific knowledge area or product area. It is obtained when the project manager or project team requires specialized knowledge that they do not possess. Expert judgment involves people most familiar with the work of creating estimates. Preferably, the project team member who will be doing the task should complete the estimates. Expert judgment is applied when performing administrative closure activities, and experts should ensure the project or phase closure is performed to the appropriate standards.
A function point is a unit of measurement to express the amount of business functionality an information system provides to a user. Function points are the units of measure used by the IFPUG Functional Size Measurement Method. The IFPUG FSM Method is an ISO recognized software metric to size an information system based on the functionality that is perceived by the user of the information system, independent of the technology used to implement the information system.
Answer option B is incorrect. A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique, a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. A PERT chart presents a graphic illustration of a project as a network diagram consisting of numbered nodes (either circles or rectangles) representing events, or milestones in the project linked by labeled vectors (directional lines) representing tasks in the project. The direction of the arrows on the lines indicates the sequence of tasks.

DSL and Cable modems are used in remote-access WAN technology for connecting to the Internet. Both provide an "always on" Internet access service. Answer options C and A are incorrect. Analog and Digital modems are not always in 'ON' mode when connecting to an ISP. Analog modems transmit analog voice signals, while Digital modems transmit digital signals over a link.

Star topology is a type of physical network design where each computer in the network is connected to a central device, called hub, through an unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) wire. Signals from the sending computer go to the hub and are then transmitted to all the computers in the network. Since each workstation has a separate connection to the hub, it is easy to troubleshoot. Currently, it is the most popular topology used for networks.
Star Topology:

Answer option A is incorrect. Mesh network topology is a type of physical network design where all devices in a network are connected to each other with many redundant connections. It provides multiple paths for the data traveling on the network to reach its destination. Mesh topology also provides redundancy in the network. It employs the full mesh and partial mesh methods to connect devices. In a full mesh topology network, each computer is connected to all the other computers. In a partial mesh topology network, some of the computers are connected to all the computers, whereas some are connected to only those computers with which they frequently exchange data.
Mesh Topology:

Answer option D is incorrect. Bus topology is a type of physical network design where all computers in the network are connected through a single coaxial cable known as bus. This topology uses minimum cabling and is therefore, the simplest and least expensive topology for small networks. In this topology, 50 ohm terminators terminate both ends of the network. A Bus topology network is difficult to troubleshoot, as a break or problem at any point along the cable can cause the entire network to go down.
Bus Topology:

Answer option C is incorrect. Ring topology is a type of physical network design where all computers in the network are connected in a closed loop. Each computer or device in a Ring topology network acts as a repeater. It transmits data by passing a token around the network in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time. If a token is free, the computer waiting to send data takes it, attaches the data and destination address to the token, and sends it. When the token reaches its destination computer, the data is copied. Then, the token gets back to the originator.
The originator finds that the message has been copied and received and removes the message from the token. Now, the token is free and can be used by the other computers in the network to send data. In this topology, if one computer fails, the entire network goes down.
Ring Topology:

Class addresses D and E are not allotted to hosts. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, and their address range can extend from 224 to 239. Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes. Their addresses range from 240 to 254.
Answer option A is incorrect. Class A addresses are specified for large networks. It consists of up to 16,777,214 client devices (hosts), and their address range can extend from 1 to 126. Answer
option B is incorrect. Class B addresses are specified for medium size networks. It consists of up to 65,534 client devices, and their address range can extend from 128 to 191. Answer option E is incorrect. Class C addresses are specified for small local area networks (LANs). It consists of up to 245 client devices, and their address range can extend from 192 to 223.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a standard-based protocol that provides the highest level of VPN security. IPSec can encrypt virtually everything above the networking layer. It is used for VPN connections that use the L2TP protocol. It secures both data and password. IPSec cannot be used with Point-to-Point

Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).
Answer option B is incorrect. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched inter-network using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, the Internet Protocol defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation. The first major version of addressing structure, now referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), is being deployed actively worldwide.
Answer option C is incorrect. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a remote access protocol commonly used to connect to the Internet. It supports compression and encryption and can be used to connect to a variety of networks. It can connect to a network running on the IPX, TCP/IP, or NetBEUI protocol. It supports multi-protocol and dynamic IP assignments. It is the default protocol for the Microsoft Dial-Up adapter. Answer
option A is incorrect. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a more secure version of Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). It provides tunneling, address assignment, and authentication. It allows the transfer of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) traffic between different networks. L2TP combines with IPSec to provide tunneling and security for Internet Protocol (IP), Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and other protocol packets across IP networks.

Preparation is the first step in the incident handling process. It includes processes like backing up copies of all key data on a regular basis, monitoring and updating software on a regular basis, and creating and implementing a documented security policy. To apply this step a documented security policy is formulated that outlines the responses to various incidents, as a reliable set of instructions during the time of an incident. The following list contains items that the incident handler should maintain in the preparation phase i.e. before an incident occurs: Establish applicable policies Build relationships with key players Build response kit Create incident checklists Establish communication plan Perform threat modeling Build an incident response team Practice the demo incidents Answer option A is incorrect. The Containment phase of the Incident handling process is responsible for supporting and building up the incident combating process. It ensures the stability of the system and also confirms that the incident does not get any worse. The Containment phase includes the process of preventing further contamination of the system or network, and preserving the evidence of the contamination. Answer
option D is incorrect. The Eradication phase of the Incident handling process involves the cleaning-up of the identified harmful incidents from the system. It includes the analyzing of the information that has been gathered for determining how the attack was committed. To prevent the incident from happening again, it is vital to recognize how it was conceded out so that a prevention technique is applied. Answer option B is incorrect. Recovery is the fifth step of the incident handling process. In this phase, the Incident Handler places the system back into the working environment. In the recovery phase the Incident Handler also works with the questions to validate that the system recovery is successful. This

involves testing the system to make sure that all the processes and functions are working normal. The Incident Handler also monitors the system to make sure that the systems are not compromised again. It looks for additional signs of attack.

RG-59 type of coaxial cable is used for cable TV and cable modems.
Answer option D is incorrect. RG-8 coaxial cable is primarily used as a backbone in an Ethernet LAN environment and often connects one wiring closet to another. It is also known as 10Base5 or ThickNet.
Answer option A is incorrect. RG-62 coaxial cable is used for ARCNET and automotive radio antennas.
Answer option C is incorrect. RG-58 coaxial cable is used for Ethernet networks. It uses baseband signaling and 50-Ohm terminator. It is also known as 10Base2 or ThinNet.

E-mail spam, also known as unsolicited bulk email (UBE), junk mail, or unsolicited commercial email (UCE), is the practice of sending unwanted e-mail messages, frequently with commercial content, in large quantities to an indiscriminate set of recipients.
Answer option C is incorrect. Email spoofing is a fraudulent email activity in which the sender address and other parts of the email header are altered to appear as though the email originated from a different source. Email spoofing is a technique commonly used in spam and phishing emails to hide the origin of the email message. By changing certain properties of the email, such as the From, Return-Path and Reply-To fields (which can be found in the message header), ill-intentioned users can make the email appear to be from someone other than the actual sender. The result is that, although the email appears to come from the address indicated in the From field (found in the email headers), it actually comes from another source.
Answer option D is incorrect. Email jamming is the use of sensitive words in e-mails to jam the authorities that listen in on them by providing a form of a red herring and an intentional annoyance. In this attack, an attacker deliberately includes "sensitive" words and phrases in otherwise innocuous emails to ensure that these are picked up by the monitoring systems. As a result, the senders of these emails will eventually be added to a "harmless" list and their emails will be no longer intercepted, hence it will allow them to regain some privacy.

The Issue-Specific Security Policy (ISSP) is used to add additional information about the overall security posture. It helps in providing detailed, targeted guidance for instructing organizations in the secure use of tech systems. This policy serves to protect employees and organizations from inefficiency or ambiguity.
Answer option A is incorrect. A user policy helps in defining what users can and should do to use network and organization's computer equipment. It also defines what limitations are put on users for maintaining the network secure such as whether users can install programs on their workstations, types of programs users are using, and how users can access data.
Answer option B is incorrect. IT policy includes general policies for the IT department. These policies are intended to keep the network secure and stable. It includes the following: Virus incident and security incident

Backup policy
Client update policies
Server configuration, patch update, and modification policies (security)
Firewall policies
Dmz policy, email retention, and auto forwarded email policy Answer option D is incorrect. A group policy specifies how programs, network resources, and the operating system work for users and computers in an organization.

A global area network (GAN) is a network that is used for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off the user communications from one local coverage area to the next.
Answer option B is incorrect. A wide area network (WAN) is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. The term distinguishes a broader telecommunication structure from a local area network (LAN). A wide area network may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of public (shared user) networks. An intermediate form of network in terms of geography is a metropolitan area network (MAN). A wide area network is also defined as a network of networks, as it interconnects LANs over a wide geographical area.
Answer option D is incorrect. A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN that is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices.
Answer option A is incorrect. The Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers connected within a restricted geographic area, such as residence, educational institute, research lab, and various other organizations. It allows the users to share files and services, and is commonly used for intra-office communication. The LAN has connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or by tunneling across the Internet using the virtual private network technologies.